| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| middle class/ˈmɪdl klæs/ | 中流階級 |
| industrial working class/ɪnˈdʌstrɪəl ˈwɜːkɪŋ klæs/ | 産業労働者層 |
Two classes that did not exist before
- New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed.
- A middle class 中产阶级 lives on salaries, professions and commerce rather than land or wages at a machine.
- An industrial working class 工业工人阶级 sells labour for a wage in a factory — a category that needs a factory to exist.
CEDが名指すすべての新しい社会的階級を選択せよ。
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貴族と農民は、工業化以前にも存在していた。
Class divided women's lives
- While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families' income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles focused on child development.
- One sentence, two opposite experiences — and the CED makes class the variable that separates them.
- So "what happened to women in the nineteenth century" has no single answer, which is exactly the point.
CEDが女性の異なる体験を説明するために用いる変数は...
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労働者階級の女性は賃金労働に従事したが、中产阶级の女性は次第に家庭に閉じ込められるようになった。
Cities grew faster than they could cope
- The rapid urbanisation that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.
- Six named challenges, and they share one cause: growth outrunning the systems built for a smaller city.
- At times is the CED's qualifier — not every city, and not permanently.
新たな階級、性別による体験、あるいは都市の課題か？
産業社会における各発展を分類せよ。
CEDが名指すすべての都市の課題を選択せよ。
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貧困、犯罪、そして不十分なインフラストラクチャが、残りの六つを埋める。
Class, not gender alone, decided women's experience of industrialisation. The CED's single sentence puts working-class women in wage work and middle-class women increasingly confined to the household — so an answer generalising about "women in the nineteenth century" has erased the variable the CED built the sentence around.
このサブトピックは、5.7の限定語「____のために」の内容を提供する。
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中产阶级が利益を得た一方、労働者階級の家族は女性と子供を賃金労働に送り出した。
This is where "for some" gets its content
- 5.7 said industrial capitalism raised living standards for some; this subtopic is the other side of that qualifier.
- The middle class gained; working-class families sent women and children into wage work to make ends meet.
- Linking the two subtopics is the cheapest way to show you understand the unit rather than the bullet.
生活水準が向上し、同時に都市の環境が悪化することがあった。
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安価で多様な品物と汚染、過密、疾病——両方が同時に。
Hierarchies and standards of living
- The objective is how industrialisation caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.
- Hierarchies: new classes appear and old ranks based on land lose relative position.
- Standards of living: consumer goods became cheaper and more various while urban conditions in some places got worse — both at once.
Two women in the same city in 1870. One works twelve hours in a mill because the family's income requires it; the other is expected not to work at all, and her respectability depends on that. The same economy produced both roles, and the thing that separates them is which class the household belongs to.
New social classes developed — the middle class and the industrial working class. Working-class women and children held wage jobs; middle-class women were increasingly limited to household or child-development roles. Rapid urbanisation at times brought pollution, poverty, crime, public health crises, housing shortages and insufficient infrastructure.