| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| fiscal policy/ˈfɪskl ˈpɒlɪsi/ | 財政政策 |
| expansionary/ekˈspænʃənəri/ | 拡張的 |
| contractionary/kənˈtrækʃənəri/ | 緊縮的 |
Speeding up the cure
- Self-adjustment eventually works, but it can be painfully slow — years of high unemployment.
- So the government often acts deliberately to speed things up.
- It uses its own spending and taxes to steer aggregate demand.
- This is fiscal policy 财政政策.
Expansionary fiscal policy
- Expansionary 扩张性 fiscal policy increases AD: the government raises spending or cuts taxes.
- More spending adds directly to $G$; a tax cut leaves households more to spend, raising $C$.
- AD shifts right.
- Use it to fight a recessionary gap.
Fiscal policy in the AD-AS model
Expansionary fiscal policy shifts AD right to close a recessionary gap; contractionary policy shifts AD left to cool an inflationary gap.
Expansionary fiscal policy means the government:
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More spending or lower taxes shifts AD right — used to fight a recessionary gap.
Select all tools of fiscal policy.
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Fiscal policy works through spending, taxes and transfers; the money supply is monetary policy.
Contractionary fiscal policy
- Contractionary 紧缩性 fiscal policy decreases AD: the government cuts spending or raises taxes.
- AD shifts left.
- Use it to cool an inflationary gap and tame demand-pull inflation.
- Match the tool to the gap: recessionary → expansionary; inflationary → contractionary.
Match each gap to the right fiscal policy.
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Push AD toward potential: right for a recession, left for an inflationary boom.
To cool an inflationary gap, the government uses contractionary fiscal policy (cut spending or raise taxes).
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Contractionary policy shifts AD left, back toward potential output.
Powered by the multiplier
- Fiscal policy is powerful because of the multiplier — the government need not close the whole gap by itself.
- $\Delta \text{GDP} = \text{spending multiplier} \times \Delta G$.
- Worked idea. A recessionary gap is 200b and $MPC = 0.8$, so the spending multiplier is 5.
- To close the gap, $\Delta G = 200 \div 5 = 40$b — just 40b of spending, magnified fivefold.
A recessionary gap is 200 and the spending multiplier is 5. How much extra government spending closes it?
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ΔG = gap ÷ multiplier = 200 ÷ 5 = 40 — magnified fivefold to shift AD by 200.
To close the same gap, a tax cut must be larger than a spending rise because:
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The tax multiplier is smaller than the spending multiplier, so a bigger tax change is needed.
Fiscal policy uses government spending and taxes to steer AD. Expansionary (more spending / lower taxes) shifts AD right to fight a recessionary gap; contractionary (less spending / higher taxes) shifts AD left to cool an inflationary gap. The multiplier magnifies each action.