A rivalry fought on two continents
- Rivalry between Britain and France resulted in world wars fought both in Europe and in the colonies, with Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power.
- The CED calls them world wars, in the eighteenth century, and the phrase is deliberate.
- A war fought simultaneously in Europe, North America and Asia is settled by whoever can sustain all three theatres.
CEDは英仏紛争を...と呼ぶ。
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ヨーロッパと植民地の両方で行われた。
The economic consequence
- Sustaining three theatres requires borrowing on a scale neither state had attempted before.
- Britain's financial institutions — 3.3's new practices, developed further — let it borrow more cheaply for longer.
- So the economic consequence of the rivalry is partly a test of fiscal systems, and one system passed.
CEDの判断は、イギリスが____フランスより上位の欧州最強国となったことである。
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日付付きの政治的事実である。
The political consequence
- Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power is the CED's own verdict, and it is a political fact with a date.
- For France, the same wars left a debt that 5.4 will name among the revolution's short-term fiscal causes.
- So one state's victory and another's revolution have the same origin, which is the most useful sentence in this subtopic.
軍事、経済、あるいは政治的結果か？
英仏対立の各要素を分類せよ。
イギリスはより安く借入できた partly because...
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財政的結果は3.8の政治権力の形態に遡る。
One state's victory and the other's revolution have the same origin. The wars that made Britain the greatest European power left France with the debt the CED names among the revolution's short-term fiscal causes — which is why 5.3 and 5.4 must be read together.
イギリスの勝利とフランスの革命は同じ起源を持つ。
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戦争は、5.4が革命の財政的要因として挙げた債務をフランスに残した。
Why the two states differed
- 3.2 gave Britain a constitutional settlement in which taxation required consent — and therefore commanded confidence.
- 3.7 gave France an absolutist structure in which the crown could decree but could not credibly promise.
- So the fiscal outcome traces back to the forms of political power compared in 3.8.
このImplementedが名指すすべての結果を選択せよ。
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この時期に帝国は拡大したが、終結はしなかった。
Economic and political consequences
- The objective names both, and they are connected by one mechanism: the cost of sustained war.
- Economic: debt, taxation, and a demonstrated difference in borrowing capacity.
- Political: Britain's primacy, and a French fiscal crisis that becomes a constitutional one.
Two states borrow to fight the same war. One pays a lower rate because its lenders believe a body that represents them will honour the debt; the other pays more because a crown that can repudiate might. Over three decades that difference is the size of a fleet.
Rivalry between Britain and France resulted in world wars fought both in Europe and in the colonies, with Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power. Sustaining three theatres required unprecedented borrowing, and the difference in fiscal systems traces back to 3.2's and 3.7's forms of political power. The same wars left France the debt 5.4 names among the revolution's causes.