Four powers a centralised state claimed
- New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralised modern state by establishing monopolies on tax collection, employing military force, dispensing justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects.
- Four powers: tax, force, justice, religion — and each had previously been shared with nobles, towns or the Church.
- So centralisation is a transfer of specific functions, which makes it measurable rather than vague.
CEDが名指す すべて の4つの独占を選択せよ。
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それぞれ以前は貴族、都市または教会と共有されていた。
Reform from the top down
- Monarchs and princes, including the English rulers Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, initiated religious reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality.
- The CED's phrase from the top down distinguishes this from the popular reform movements of unit 2.
- So a ruler's reformation is a sovereignty story before it is a theological one.
CEDにおける君主による宗教改革の表現は ____ からの下向きである。
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これが第2単元の人民運動との違いを区別する。
New people in politics
- Across Europe, commercial and professional groups gained in power and played a greater role in political affairs.
- A monarch who needs revenue and trained administrators will find both outside the nobility.
- So centralisation and the rise of commercial groups are the same process seen from two sides.
どのような権力が主張されているか？
各発展をCEDの4つの独占によって分類せよ。
商業・専門家集団が権力を握ったのは部分的に、君主が...
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中央集権化と彼らの台頭は、正反面から見た同一のプロセスである。
A ruler's reformation is a sovereignty story first. The CED says monarchs initiated reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality — the theology matters, but the objective here is about the power the reform transferred.
中央集権化が最も成功した場所では、世俗国家の新たな概念が出現した。
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CEDはそれらをイタリアの 継続的な政治的分断 内に位置づける。
Italy went the other way
- Continued political fragmentation in Renaissance Italy provided a background for the development of new concepts of the secular state.
- Where no monarch could centralise, thinkers analysed power as it actually worked between competing states.
- So the theory of the secular state emerged where centralisation failed, which is a useful irony to be able to state.
各原因とそれが生み出した機関を対応させよ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
中央集権化とは特定の機能の移転であり、したがって計測可能である。
Causes and effects of institutions
- The objective is the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648.
- Causes: war finance, the need for administration, and the opportunity religious reform created.
- Effects: standing revenue, professional officials, and the varying degrees of centralisation from 1.1.
Before, a subject could be taxed by a lord, tried in a church court and told what to believe by a bishop appointed abroad. Afterwards, one authority claims all three. Nothing about daily life need look different on the first morning, and the constitutional change is total.
New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralised modern state by claiming monopolies on tax collection, military force, justice and the right to determine subjects' religion. Monarchs initiated religious reform from the top down to control religious life and morality. Commercial and professional groups gained political power, while Italy's continued fragmentation produced new concepts of the secular state.