接続詞

• 3 接続詞

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  3.1

  以免 + 动词短语 — "so as to avoid, lest"

  in order to avoid以免yǐ miǎn introduces an unwanted outcome to prevent — "so as to avoid, in order not to, lest." (It's a shortened so that以便yǐ biànto avert避免bì miǎn.) The first clause gives a warning; the in order to avoid以免yǐ miǎn clause names the bad result. It needs a complete verb phrase, not a bare word.

  Structure: Action ，以免 + Undesirable Result

  there are这儿zhèr有yǒuhigh-voltage wires here高压电线gāo yā diàn xiànplease，请qǐngdon't不要bú yàogo near靠近kào jìnlest，以免yǐ miǎnsomething发生fā shēngdangerous happen危险wēi xiǎn。

  There are high-voltage wires — please keep away, lest something dangerous happen.

  you你nǐhurry up and赶紧gǎn jǐngo走zǒuso as not to，以免yǐ miǎnbe late晚wǎn了le。

  Hurry up and go, so you're not late.

  Remember: in order to avoid以免yǐ miǎn = to use以yǐ ("so as to") + old variant of 絻免miǎn ("avoid") = "lest / so as to avoid." The in order to avoid以免yǐ miǎn clause names the bad thing you're heading off (to be careful小心xiǎo xīnpoint点diǎn，in order to avoid以免yǐ miǎnto have an accident出事chū shì). It needs a full verb phrase: in order to avoid以免yǐ miǎnevening晚wǎn(completed / change)了le ✓, not in order to avoid以免yǐ miǎnevening晚wǎn.

  Watch out

  • It always introduces the unwanted outcome — for a wanted purpose, use so that以便yǐ biàn ("so as to").

  3.2

  以及 — "as well as, and"

  as well as以及yǐ jí links nouns or phrases (chiefly in writing), often appending less-central items at the end — "as well as, along with, and." The part before as well as以及yǐ jí is usually the main one. It can also join clauses. It's more formal than and / with和hé.

  Structure: A、B 以及 C

  hearing听觉tīng juésight、视觉shì juéas well as以及yǐ jítouch触觉chù juéare all都dōu属于shǔ yúsenses感官gǎn guān。

  Hearing, sight, as well as touch are all senses.

  the yard院子里yuàn zi lǐhas growing种着zhòng zheroses玫瑰méi guijasmine、茉莉mò liand以及yǐ jíother其他qí tāplants花草huā cǎo。

  The yard has roses, jasmine, and other plants.

  Remember: as well as以及yǐ jí = a formal "and / as well as," with the MAIN items before it and secondary ones after (rugosa rose (shrub) (Rosa…玫瑰méi guī、jasmine茉莉mò lì as well as以及yǐ jí other其他qí tāflowers and plants花草huā cǎo). More formal than and / with和hé, and it can also join clauses.

  Watch out

  • Put the central items before as well as以及yǐ jí — what follows reads as an add-on.

  3.3

  总之 — "in short, in a word"

  in a word总之zǒng zhī sums up what came before — "in short, in a word, all in all." It introduces a wrapping-up conclusion.

  Structure: （……，）总之 ，……

  he他tāoften经常jīng chánglate迟到chí dàowith work，工作gōng zuòalso也yěnot不bùresponsible负责fù zéin short，总之zǒng zhīthe firm，公司gōng sīmust必须bì xūlet go of解雇jiě gùhim他tā。

  He's often late and not responsible — in short, the firm has to let him go.

  whatever不管bù guǎnreason理由lǐ yóu是shì什么shén mein short，总之zǒng zhīI我wǒwon't不会bú huìagain再zàitrust相信xiāng xìnhim他tā了le。

  Whatever his reasons, in short I won't trust him again.

  Remember: in a word总之zǒng zhī = general总zǒng ("sum up") + (of — literary)之zhī = "in a word, to sum up." It gathers the scattered points into one bottom line — the verbal "long story short."

  Watch out

  • It needs preceding points to gather — it caps an argument, it doesn't open one.

  3.4

  则 — "whereas, while (contrast)"

  (literary) (conjunction…则zé marks a contrast between two clauses — "whereas, while" (the same idea as but却què). It's formal and written, sits at the head of the second clause's predicate, and often appears with and / but而ér.

  Structure: Clause 1 ，(而) + Subject + 则 + Predicate

  southerners南方人nán fāng rénlike喜欢xǐ huaneating吃chīsweet甜tián的denortherners，北方人běi fāng rénwhereas则zélike喜欢xǐ huaneating吃chīsalty咸xián的de。

  Southerners like sweet food, whereas northerners like salty.

  my我wǒwife老婆lǎo pois used to习惯xí guàncountry乡村xiāng cūnlife生活shēng huóI，我wǒwhereas则zéam used to习惯xí guàncity城市chéng shìlife生活shēng huó。

  My wife is used to country life, whereas I'm used to the city.

  Remember: (literary) (conjunction…则zé = formal "whereas" — it heads the second clause's predicate (north北方běi fāngperson人rén(literary) (conjunction…则zé…) to set two cases side by side. It often pairs with and / but而ér (and / but而ér…(literary) (conjunction…则zé…). Same contrast as but却què, dressier register.

  Watch out

  • It sits after the second subject, before the verb — north北方běi fāng人则rén zéto like喜欢xǐ huan…, not (literary) (conjunction…则zénorth北方běi fāngperson人rén….

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