類似した副詞の比較

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14 類似した副詞の比較
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14.1
按照 vs. 根据 — 「in accordance with」vs. 「on the basis of」

どちらも「according to」のJapanese variant of 译訳yìto tell to语yǔだが、focal point焦点jiāo diǎnがdifferent異yìなる。according to按照àn zhào は ルール、計画jì huà、order命令mìng lìng、(surveying) datum基準jī zhǔn にold variant of 从従cóngうことをfinger指zhǐし、「accurate準zhǔnJapanese variant of 据拠jùして、規定通guī dìng tōngりに」をmeaning意味yì wèiする。according to根据gēn jù は to admonish証zhèngJapanese variant of 据拠jù、root根gēnJapanese variant of 据拠jù、情報源qíng bào yuán を(bound form) base基jīにしてto infer推論tuī lùnすることをfinger指zhǐし、「〜に(bound form) base基jīづいて、〜来看lái kàn」をmeaning意味yì wèiする。また、noun名词míng cí（to have / there is有yǒuaccording to根据gēn jù = 「root根gēnJapanese variant of 据拠jùがある」）としてもfunction機能jī néngするが、 according to按照àn zhào はnoun としてはto make使shǐえない。

構文gòu wén： 按照 + rule / plan + Action · 根据 + evidence / source + Conclusion

please请qǐngin accordance with按照àn zhàothe rules规定guī dìngqueue up排队pái duì。

rule規則guī zéにold variant of 从従cóngって整列zhěng lièしてください。

going by根据gēn jùthe weather天气tiān qìforecast预报yù bàotomorrow，明天míng tiānwill会huìrain下雨xià yǔ。

予報yǔ bàoによると、tomorrow明日míng rìは(literary) to rain雨yǔがto surrender降jiàngるだろう。

** remember：** according to按照àn zhào = RULE/plan にold variant of 从従cóngう（「by the book」）； according to根据gēn jù = EVIDENCE からto infer推論tuī lùnする（「going by the data」）。 according to按照àn zhàoto stipulate规定guī dìng（規則通guī zé tōngり）と according to根据gēn jùforecast预报yù bào（予報yǔ bàoにより）のようにto make使shǐいpart分fēnける。noun名词míng cí としてのusage用法yòng fǎがあるのは according to根据gēn jù のみである（example例lì：not in the least毫无háo wúroot根gēnJapanese variant of 据拠jù「root根gēnJapanese variant of 据拠jùがない」）。

Watch out

to guard守shǒuるべきルール → according to按照àn zhào； to infer推論tuī lùnのroot根gēnJapanese variant of 据拠jù → according to根据gēn jù。
14.2
不得不 vs. 只好 — 「have no choice」vs. 「have no better choice」

どちらも15th day of month (lunar…望wàngまぬ状態zhuàng tàiにto chase追zhuīい(Japanese kokuji) to be…込yūまれることをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoすが、Japanese variant of 压圧yāto force迫pòの度合dù héいがdifferent異yìなる。have no choice or option…不得不bù dé bù は he / him他tāにto choose選xuǎnJapanese variant of 择択zélimb肢zhīがない ことをmeaning意味yì wèiし、complete完全wán quánにto avoid避bìけられない（to act against one's will不得已bù dé yǐ にnear近jìnい、to force強qiángいニュアンス）。 to have no other option but…只好zhǐ hǎo は よりgood良liángいto choose選xuǎnJapanese variant of 择択zélimb肢zhīがない ことをmeaning意味yì wèiし、most最zuìJapanese variant of 恶悪èではないsquare方fāngへto compromise妥協tuǒ xiéする。また、 have no choice or option…不得不bù dé bù のback後hòuにはstraight正zhèngのverb動詞dòng cíがto come来láiなければならないが、 to have no other option but…只好zhǐ hǎo は not不bù / not / haven't没méi をpartner伴bànうこともできる。

構文gòu wén： 不得不 + positive Verb · 只好 + Verb (可带不 / 没)

going out出门chū ménwithout没méibringing带dàimoney钱qiánI had no choice but to，不得不bù dé bùfrom向xiànga friend朋友péng youborrow借jiè。

おgold金jīnをto hold持chíっていなかったので、friend友人yǒu rénからvariant of 借借jièりざるを(degree marker)得deなかった。

outside外面wài mianit's下xiàpouring大雨dà yǔ了leI，我wǒhad no better option than to只好zhǐ hǎonot不bùgo out出去chū qù了le。

outside外wàiはheavy rain大雨dà yǔだから、to go out外出wài chūしないことにした。

** remember：** have no choice or option…不得不bù dé bù = NO OTHER choice（to force強制qiáng zhìされ、to escape逃táoれられない）； to have no other option but…只好zhǐ hǎo = NO BETTER choice（most最zuìJapanese variant of 恶悪èでないsquare方fāngへ妥約tuǒ yuēする）。 grammar文法wén fǎ(bound form) up上shàngのto disobey違wéiいとして、 have no choice or option…不得不bù dé bù は straight正zhèngの verb動詞dòng cíのみをto take取qǔるのにJapanese variant of 对対duìし、 to have no other option but…只好zhǐ hǎo は not不bù / not / haven't没méi をto take取qǔることができる（to have no other option but…只好zhǐ hǎo不去bù qù）。

Watch out

must not不得bù dé not to go去qùとはwords言yánうことができない。「〜しない necessarily だった」situation場合chǎng héは to have no other option but…只好zhǐ hǎo不去bù qù をto use / with用yòngいる。
14.3
不断 vs. 不停 — 「unceasingly」vs. 「without stopping」

どちらもJapanese variant of 继継jìJapanese variant of 续続xùするJapanese variant of 样様yàng(noun suffix)子ziをto describe描写miáo xiěする。unceasing不断bù duàn は「variant of 绝絶juéえず、to reel silk from cocoons繰zǎoりto return (to)返fǎnし」をmeaning意味yì wèiし、o'clock時shígap間jiānJapanese variant of 经経jīng(experienced action marker)過guòのto hit (the mark)中zhōngでcontrary反fǎnto go and return復fùしたりJapanese variant of 增増zēngto add加jiāしたりするプロセスをto show示shìす（Japanese variant of 增増zēngsee 大夫大dàを implying することもある）。secondary副fùword詞cíとしてはregular通常tōng cháng (adverb -ly)地de をつける。incessant不停bù tíng は「to cut short中断zhōng duànなく、to stop止zhǐまらない」をmeaning意味yì wèiし、movement動作dòng zuòがphysics物理wù lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的deにone instant一瞬yī shùnたりともto stop止zhǐまらないことをto show示shìし、 V + (measure word)个gèincessant不停bù tíng や incessant不停bù tíng(adverb -ly)地de + V のto appear形xíngでよくto use / with用yòngいられる。

** Structure：** 不断(地) + Verb · 不停地 + Verb / Verb + 个不停

technology科技kē jìis在zàicontinually不断bú duàn地deadvancing进步jìn bù。

technology技術jì shùはvariant of 绝絶juéえずJapanese variant of 发発fāto spread out展zhǎnしている。

she她tāwas so excited激动jī dòngthat she得detalked说shuōwithout stopping个不停gè bù tíng。

彼女bǐ nǚはあまりexcited興奮xìng fènして、to stop止zhǐまることなくdialect話huàしJapanese variant of 续続xùけた。

** remember : unceasing不断bù duàn = "again and again / growing over time" (to break断duàn = "break," so unceasing不断bù duàn = "unbroken, recurring"); incessant不停bù tíng = "no pause at all" (to stop停tíng = "stop"). 不断进步bù duàn jìn bù (keeps advancing) vs. 说个shuō gèincessant不停bù tíng (talks non-stop). (measure word)个gèincessant不停bù tíng clips onto the verb: 笑个xiào gèincessant不停bù tíng.

Watch out

unceasing不断bù duàn allows gaps that keep recurring; incessant不停bù tíng means literally no pause.
14.4
反而 vs. 却 — "on the contrary" vs. "but, yet"

Both mark a turn, but with different force. on the contrary反而fǎn ér = "on the contrary, instead" — the result is the opposite of what you'd expect, and it can sit before or after the subject. but却què = a milder "but, yet," and it can only come after the subject. on the contrary反而fǎn ér often completes the pattern not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànnot / haven't没méi / not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànnot不bù …，on the contrary反而fǎn ér ….

構文gòu wén： (Subj.) 反而 + opposite outcome · Subj. + 却 + contrast

I我wǒhelped帮bāng了lehim他tāyet he，他tāon the contrary反而fǎn érgot angry生气shēng qì了le。

I helped him, yet he got angry instead.

she她tālikes喜欢xǐ huansweets甜食tián shíbut，却quènever从不cóng bùeats吃chīchocolate巧克力qiǎo kè lì。

She likes sweets, but never eats chocolate.

** remember : on the contrary反而fǎn ér = the OPPOSITE of what you'd expect (a reversal); but却què = a plain "but / yet" (a contrast). on the contrary反而fǎn ér can go before or after the subject and completes not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànnot / haven't没méi…on the contrary反而fǎn ér…; but却què only sits after the subject.

Watch out

but却què can't lead the clause — she / her她tābut却què…, never but却quèshe / her她tā…; on the contrary反而fǎn ér is freer.
14.5
根本 vs. 到底 — "(not) at all" vs. "in the end, on earth"

fundamental根本gēn běn = "(not) at all, simply, fundamentally" — it intensifies a negation (fundamental根本gēn běnnot不bù / fundamental根本gēn běnnot / haven't没méi), flatly denying something. finally到底dào dǐ = "after all, in the end" or, in a question, "on earth / exactly" — it presses for the final result or truth. You can't swap them.

構文gòu wén： 根本 + 不 / 没 + Verb · 到底 + Question

I我wǒsimply根本gēn běndidn't没méigo out出去chū qùhow，你nǐ怎么zěn mecould会huìhave seen看到kàn dàome我wǒ？

I didn't go out at all — how could you have seen me?

you你nǐon earth到底dào dǐwhat do you want想xiǎng怎么样zěn me yàng？

What on earth do you want?

** remember : fundamental根本gēn běn intensifies a NEGATION ("not at all": fundamental根本gēn běnnot不bù/not / haven't没méi); finally到底dào dǐ presses for an ANSWER ("on earth / in the end). One flatly denies, the other demands the truth. In a statement, finally到底dào dǐ = "after all, it turned out…".

Watch out

fundamental根本gēn běn leans on a following not不bù / not / haven't没méi; finally到底dào dǐ leans on a question word or a result.
14.6
根据 vs. 据 — "according to" (long vs. short)

These overlap in meaning — "according to, on the basis of" — but differ in style. according to据jù is terse and literary, and pairs with single-character or short items (it is said that据说jù shuō, according to the facts据实jù shí, according to reports据悉jù xī). according to根据gēn jù is the everyday word, takes two-or-more-character objects, and can also act as a noun.

構文gòu wén： 据 + short word + Clause · 根据 + (longer) source + Clause

it is据jùsaid说shuōhe，他tāhas already已经yǐ jīnggone abroad出国chū guó了le。

It's said he's already gone abroad.

according to根据gēn jùthe survey调查diào cháresults结果jié guǒeveryone，大家dà jiā都dōuis very很hěnsatisfied满意mǎn yì。

According to the survey results, everyone is very satisfied.

** remember : according to据jù = terse/literary + SHORT items (it is said that据说jù shuō, according to reports据悉jù xī, according to the facts据实jù shí); according to根据gēn jù = everyday + longer objects, and a noun too. Same idea, opposite ends of the formality scale.

Watch out

according to据jù wants a tight, short partner (it is said that据说jù shuō ✓); a longer source takes according to根据gēn jù (according to根据gēn jùresults (of an…调查结果diào chá jié guǒ).
14.7
恢复 vs. 还原 — "recover / restore" vs. "return to the original"

Both mean returning to a former state, but with a different feel. to reinstate恢复huī fù = "recover, restore" something that was damaged, disrupted or lost — health, order, normal service. to restore to the original…还原huán yuán = "return to the exact original state, reset, reduce" — it stresses going back precisely to how it was (it's also the chemistry term "reduce").

構文gòu wén： 恢复 + Noun (health / order) · 把 … 还原 (成 …)

after经过jīng guòtreatment治疗zhì liáohe，他tā的dehealth身体shēn tǐslowly慢慢màn mànrecovered恢复huī fù了le。

After treatment, his health slowly recovered.

you你nǐcan可以kě yǐ把bǎthe settings设置shè zhìrestore还原huán yuánto成chéngthe defaults默认值mò rèn zhí。

You can reset the settings to the defaults.

** remember : to reinstate恢复huī fù = bring back something DAMAGED/lost (health, order); to restore to the original…还原huán yuán = return to the EXACT original / reset. 恢复健康huī fù jiàn kāng (recover) vs. to restore to the original…还原huán yuánto set up设置shè zhì (reset to factory). to restore to the original…还原huán yuán stresses precisely as before, with no "was broken" overtone.

Watch out

For health/order coming back, it's to reinstate恢复huī fù — to restore to the original…还原huán yuán sounds like a reset/reduction.
14.8
居然 vs. 反而 — "surprisingly" vs. "on the contrary"

Both flag the unexpected, but differently. unexpectedly居然jū rán = "surprisingly, to one's astonishment" — it simply marks the event as astonishing, often letting the speaker tack on a comment. on the contrary反而fǎn ér = "on the contrary" — it marks a reversal, the opposite of what should have followed, and pairs with not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànnot / haven't没méi / not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànnot不bù …，on the contrary反而fǎn ér …, where unexpectedly居然jū rán can't.

構文gòu wén： 居然 + astonishing fact (+ comment) · 不但没 / 不但不 …，反而 …

he他tāso这么zhè meyoung小xiǎoastonishingly居然jū ráncan能néngrecite背bèihundreds of几百jǐ bǎi首shǒuTang poems唐诗Táng shītruly，真zhēnremarkable了不起liǎo bu qǐ。

So young, yet he can recite hundreds of Tang poems — truly remarkable.

after taking吃chī了lethese这些zhè xiēpills药yàohe，他tānot only不但bú dàndidn't没méiget better好hǎobut instead，反而fǎn érgot even更gèngworse严重yán zhòng了le。

After taking these pills, not only did he not improve — he got worse.

** remember : unexpectedly居然jū rán = "astonishingly!" (just marks surprise, + optional comment); on the contrary反而fǎn ér = "on the contrary" (a reversal). Only on the contrary反而fǎn ér completes not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànnot / haven't没méi / not only (... but also ...)不但bù dànnot不bù …，on the contrary反而fǎn ér …. unexpectedly居然jū rán is amazement; on the contrary反而fǎn ér is a flip.

Watch out

A surprise that isn't a reversal takes unexpectedly居然jū rán; the "opposite happened" twist takes on the contrary反而fǎn ér.
14.9
一度 vs. 一时 — "at one time" vs. "for a (short) while"

Both touch on time but mean different spans. for a time一度yí dù = "once, at one time" — a past phase (often a difficult one: for a time一度yí dùwant / think / miss想xiǎngto renounce放弃fàng qì), and it appears in 一年一度yī nián yī dù ("annual"). a period of time一时yī shí = "for a short while, momentarily, for the moment" — brief or sudden, often "can't … right now" (a period of time一时yī shí想不起来xiǎng bù qǐ lái).

構文gòu wén： 一度 + past Verb phrase · 一时 + (不能) Verb

he他tāin the past过去guò qùat one time一度yí dùwanted to想xiǎnggive up放弃fàng qì。

At one point in the past he wanted to give up.

I我wǒfor the moment一时yì shícan't recall想不起来xiǎng bu qǐ láihis他tā的dename名字míng zi。

I can't recall his name for the moment.

** remember : for a time一度yí dù = "once, at one time" (a PAST phase; also 一年一度yī nián yī dù = "annual"); a period of time一时yī shí = "for a brief moment / right now" (a period of time一时yī shí想不起来xiǎng bù qǐ lái). to estimate度dù = a stretch/occasion; o'clock时shí = a moment.

Watch out

a period of time一时yī shí is the "can't … just now" word — don't use for a time一度yí dù for a momentary lapse.
14.10
一直 vs. 一向 — "all along (continuously)" vs. "all along (habitually)"

どちらも「ずっと、always常chángに」というmeaning意味yì wèiですが、a party (in a contract or…一方yī fāngは途切tú qièれないto link連liánJapanese variant of 续続xùしたperiod of time期間qī jiānをfinger指zhǐし、もうa party (in a contract or…一方yī fāngはchief長zhǎnggrain年niánにわたるhabit習慣xí guànをfinger指zhǐします。all along一直yì zhí = 「continuously, the whole time（Japanese variant of 继継jìJapanese variant of 续続xù(modifier / structural particle)的deに、すべて）** — special特定tè dìngの時点shí diǎnから途切tú qièれることなくJapanese variant of 续続xùくaction行為xíng wèiであり、in the future将来jiāng lái(modifier / structural particle)的deにもto continue延续yán xùするpossibility可能性kě néng xìngがあります（我会wǒ huìall along一直yì zhíto be in favor of支持zhī chíyou你nǐ）。always (previously)一向yí xiàng** = 「consistently, habitually up to now（consistent一貫yī guànして、habit習慣xí guàn(modifier / structural particle)的deにnow現在xiàn zàiまで）** — 定着dìng zheしたnature性質xìng zhìであり、now現在xiàn zàiまでにしかto arrive at (place or time)届jièきません。

構文gòu wén： 一直 + Verb (can be future) · 一向 + habit / trait (up to now)

I我wǒwill会huìalways一直yì zhísupport支持zhī chíyou你nǐ。

I will always support you. → personal私sīはあなたをalways常chángにto support支zhīえJapanese variant of 续続xùけます。

he他tāhas always一向yí xiàngbeen very很hěnpunctual守时shǒu shí。

He's always been punctual.

Remember: all along一直yì zhí = an UNBROKEN stretch (can extend into the FUTURE: can / will会huìall along一直yì zhíto be in favor of支持zhī chíyou你nǐ); always (previously)一向yí xiàng = a HABITUAL trait, only up to NOW (always (previously)一向yí xiàngdegree / adjective linker很hěnpunctual守时shǒu shí). Continuous line vs settled habit. Japanese variant of 觉覚juéえよう： all along一直yì zhí = 途切tú qièれないperiod of time期間qī jiān（in the future将来jiāng lái(modifier / structural particle)的deにもto extend延伸yán shēnmaybe / possible可能kě néng：can / will会huìall along一直yì zhíto be in favor of支持zhī chíyou你nǐ）；always (previously)一向yí xiàng = habit習慣xí guàn(modifier / structural particle)的deなnature性質xìng zhì（now現在xiàn zàiまでにto restrict to限定xiàn dìng：always (previously)一向yí xiàngdegree / adjective linker很hěnpunctual守时shǒu shí）。 to link連liánJapanese variant of 续続xùするthread線xiàn vs 定着dìng zheしたhabit習慣xí guàn。

Watch out

For a promise reaching forward, only all along一直yì zhí works — always (previously)一向yí xiàng can't point to the future. - in the future将来jiāng láiにtowards向xiàngけたto restrict約束yuē shùには、all along一直yì zhíのみがfunction機能jī néngします。always (previously)一向yí xiàngはfuture未来wèi láiをfinger指zhǐすことはできません。