前置詞

• 8 前置詞

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  8.1

  (自)从 — "ever since" (a starting point)

  since (a time)自从zì cóng (or just from从cóng) marks a starting point in past time — "ever since." since (a time)自从zì cóng is the more formal of the two, and the clause often closes with after以后yǐ hòu or to rise起qǐ.

  Structure: 自从 + Starting Point ，……

  ever since自从zì cóngcoming to来到lái dàoHunan湖南Hú nánI，我wǒmore and more越来越yuè lái yuècan能néngtake spice吃辣chī là了le。

  Ever since I came to Hunan, I can take more and more spice.

  ever since自从zì cónghe他tāleft走zǒu了le以后yǐ hòuthe company，公司gōng sībetter好hǎo多duō了le。

  Ever since he left, the company's much better.

  Remember: ((bound form) self自zì)from从cóng = the START POINT ("ever since…"); since (a previous event)以来yǐ lái = the PERIOD running from it. since (a time)自从zì cónghe / him他tāto walk走zǒu(completed / change)了le ("since he left") sets the point; …since (a previous event)以来yǐ lái stresses the span up to now. since (a time)自从zì cóng is the formal one.

  Watch out

  • The clause often closes with after以后yǐ hòu / to rise起qǐ — since (a time)自从zì cóng…after以后yǐ hòu, marking the start clearly.

  8.2

  为 + Person + Predicate — "for (someone)"

  for为wèi (wèi) marks a beneficiary — "for, on behalf of." Keep it apart from in order to为了wèi le ("in order to"), which marks a purpose.

  Structure: 为 + Party + Verb / Adjective

  we我们wǒ menall都dōufor为wèiyou你nǐare happy高兴gāo xìng。

  We're all happy for you.

  who谁shéifor为wèime我wǒhas thought考虑kǎo lǜ过guo？

  Who's ever thought of me?

  Remember: for为wèi + person = "for / on behalf of" (a beneficiary): for为wèiyou你nǐhappy高兴gāo xìng; in order to为了wèi le + goal = "in order to" (a purpose). Person who benefits → for为wèi; aim you're chasing → in order to为了wèi le.

  Watch out

  • for为wèiyou你nǐ ("for you") vs in order to为了wèi lecoin钱qián ("for money / in order to get money") — person vs goal.

  8.3

  对 + Person + 而言 — "as far as … is concerned"

  to / towards / correct对duì … (typically preceded by 就……而言ér yán frames a point of view — "for …, as far as … is concerned." It's the formal twin of to / towards / correct对duì…来说lái shuō.

  Structure: 对 + Person / Group + 而言 ，……

  this kind of这样zhè yàng的dejob工作gōng zuòfor对duìme我wǒ而言ér yánvery很hěnimportant重要zhòng yào。

  This kind of job is very important to me.

  for对duìher她tā而言ér yánfreedom，自由zì yóumore更gèngimportant重要zhòng yào。

  For her, freedom matters even more.

  Remember: to / towards / correct对duì…(typically preceded by 就……而言ér yán = the formal to / towards / correct对duì…来说lái shuō ("from X's point of view"). Save (typically preceded by 就……而言ér yán for writing; say 来说lái shuō in conversation.

  Watch out

  • It's to / towards / correct对duì…(typically preceded by 就……而言ér yán, a fixed frame — the (typically preceded by 就……而言ér yán closes it, like 来说lái shuō does.

  8.4

  (包括) … 在内 — "including"

  (to comprise包括bāo kuò) … (included) in it在内zài nèi wraps items into a set — "including, … counted in." The (included) in it在内zài nèi closes the bracket.

  構文gòu wén： (包括) + Items + 在内 ，…… · …… ，(包括) + Items + 在内

  including包括bāo kuòhis他tā的denative language母语mǔ yǔ在内zài nèihe，他tāspeaks会huì说shuōfour四种sì zhǒnglanguages语言yǔ yán。

  Including his native language, he speaks four languages.

  utilities水电费shuǐ diàn fèiincluded在内zài nèimy，我wǒmonthly每月měi yuèrent房租fáng zū3,500三千五sān qiān wǔ。

  Including utilities, my rent is 3,500 a month.

  Remember: (included) in it在内zài nèi closes the "counted in" bracket — (to comprise包括bāo kuò) X (included) in it在内zài nèi = "with X included." Negate it with not不bùto comprise包括bāo kuò…(included) in it在内zài nèi ("not counting…"). The (included) in it在内zài nèi is the lid on the box.

  Watch out

  • The (included) in it在内zài nèi is what completes it — to comprise包括bāo kuò…(included) in it在内zài nèi, not a bare to comprise包括bāo kuò….

  8.5

  凭 — "on the basis of, by"

  to lean against凭píng introduces what one relies on or goes by — "on the basis of, by virtue of, just because of."

  Structure: 凭 + Basis ……

  with凭píngthis这张zhè zhāngticket票piàoyou can可以kě yǐgo in进去jìn qù。

  With this ticket you can go in.

  on what凭pínggrounds什么shén meI我wǒhave to要yàolisten to听tīngyou你nǐ的de？

  On what grounds do I have to listen to you?

  Remember: to lean against凭píng = "going by / relying on" — 凭票píng piàoto enter进入jìn rù ("by ticket"), to lean against凭píngstrength实力shí lì ("on merit"). And the everyday challenge to lean against凭píngwhat什么shén me？ = "says who? / on what grounds?".

  Watch out

  • to lean against凭píngwhat什么shén me is confrontational — it pushes back, not a neutral "why".

  8.6

  至于 — "as for, as to"

  as for至于zhì yú swings to a new topic — "as for, when it comes to, as to."

  Structure: 至于 + Topic ，Comment

  as for至于zhì yúthe price价格jià géwe，我们wǒ menlater以后yǐ hòuagain再zàidiscuss谈tán。

  As for the price, we'll discuss it later.

  I我wǒagree同意tóng yìas for，至于zhì yúhow怎么zěn meto do it做zuòit's up to，听tīngyou你nǐ的de。

  I agree; as for how to do it, it's up to you.

  Remember: as for至于zhì yú = a clean topic-switch ("as for X…") — it parks the last point and turns to a fresh one. Like English "as for…", it sits at the head of the new topic.

  Watch out

  • It introduces a new topic, not a contrast — don't use it where you mean "but".

  8.7

  给 … 给 … — passive with 给

  A to / for / give给gěi before the doer plus a to / for / give给gěi before the verb makes a colloquial passive — "(it) got …ed (by someone)." The second to / for / give给gěi stands in for (passive: by)被bèi.

  Structure: Receiver + 给 + Doer + 给 + Verb Phrase

  my我wǒ的decake蛋糕dàn gāoby给gěilittle brother弟弟dì di给gěieaten吃chī了le。

  My cake got eaten by my little brother.

  the cup杯子bēi ziby给gěihim他tā给gěibroken打破dǎ pò了le。

  The cup got broken by him.

  Remember: the second to / for / give给gěi ≈ (passive: by)被bèi — to / for / give给gěi (doer) to / for / give给gěi (verb) is a chatty passive: cake蛋糕dàn gāoto / for / give给gěiyounger brother弟弟dì dito / for / give给gěivariant of 吃吃chī(completed / change)了le ("the cake got eaten by little brother"). Casual speech only.

  Watch out

  • It's colloquial — in writing use (passive: by)被bèi (cake蛋糕dàn gāo(passive: by)被bèiyounger brother弟弟dì divariant of 吃吃chī(completed / change)了le).

  8.8

  就 … (来说 / 而言) — "as far as … goes"

  then / just就jiù … 来说lái shuō / (typically preceded by 就……而言ér yán narrows the discussion to one aspect — "as far as … goes, in terms of …."

  Structure: 就 + Aspect + 来说 / 而言 ，……

  in terms of就jiùquality质量zhì liàng来说lái shuōthis one，这个zhè ge更gèngbetter好hǎo。

  In terms of quality, this one's better.

  as就jiùthings stand now目前mù qián而言ér yánthere's no，没有méi yǒuproblem问题wèn tí。

  As things stand now, there's no problem.

  Remember: then / just就jiù X 来说lái shuō / (typically preceded by 就……而言ér yán = "in terms of X" — it zooms the lens onto a single aspect for the comment that follows (then / just就jiùquality质量zhì liàng来说lái shuō…, then / just就jiùat the present time目前mù qián(typically preceded by 就……而言ér yán…). This then / just就jiù isn't "then" — it's "regarding".

  Watch out

  • Don't confuse this then / just就jiù with the time/quantity then / just就jiù — here it's a topic-narrowing "as regards".

  8.9

  趁 — "while, taking the chance"

  old variant of 趁趁chèn grabs a favourable moment or condition — "while, taking advantage of (the chance)."

  Structure: 趁 + Situation / Opportunity ……

  while趁chènthe weather天气tiān qìgood好hǎowe，我们wǒ mengo去qùfor a picnic野餐yě cān吧ba。

  While the weather's good, let's go for a picnic.

  while趁chènyou're young年轻nián qīngmore，多duōgo out出去chū qùand see things走走zǒu zou吧ba。

  While you're young, get out and see things.

  Remember: old variant of 趁趁chèn = "seize the moment / while it lasts" — grab the chance before it's gone. Set phrases nail the feel: 趁热chèn rèvariant of 吃吃chī ("eat while it's hot"), as soon as possible趁早chèn zǎo ("while there's still time"), old variant of 趁趁chènyoung年轻nián qīng.

  Watch out

  • It needs a favourable window — for a plain "when," use at or in the very same...当dāng…(modifier / structural particle)的detime时候shí hòu.

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