前置詞句

• 7 前置詞句

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  7.1

  以上 / 以下 / 以内 / 以外 — upper and lower limits

  These "nouns of locality" set limits on a number, level, or rank. that level or higher以上yǐ shàng = "and above," that level or lower以下yǐ xià = "and below," within以内yǐ nèi = "within," apart from以外yǐ wài = "beyond." They come after the amount. In standard usage that level or higher以上yǐ shàng / that level or lower以下yǐ xià / within以内yǐ nèi are inclusive of the boundary number 含本数hán běn shù (十岁shí suìthat level or lower以下yǐ xià = ten and under, 10 included); only apart from以外yǐ wài (and resentful不满bù mǎn / to surpass超过chāo guò) excludes it.

  Structure: Amount / Level + 以上 / 以下 / 以内 / 以外

  eighteen十八岁shí bā suìand over以上yǐ shàngonly then才cáimay能néngenter进jìn。

  Only those eighteen and over may enter.

  please请qǐngwithin在zàithree days三天sān tiān以内yǐ nèireply回复huí fù。

  Please reply within three days.

  Remember: the limit word comes AFTER the amount (十岁shí suìthat level or lower以下yǐ xià, not that level or lower以下yǐ xià十岁shí suì), and that level or higher以上yǐ shàng / that level or lower以下yǐ xià / within以内yǐ nèi include the boundary number (十岁shí suìthat level or lower以下yǐ xià = ten and under); only apart from以外yǐ wài excludes it. Picture a number line: that level or higher以上yǐ shàng points up, that level or lower以下yǐ xià down, within以内yǐ nèi stays inside, apart from以外yǐ wài goes past.

  Watch out

  • within以内yǐ nèi = within a range; apart from以外yǐ wài = beyond / except — don't mix the inside/outside pair.

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