助詞

• 6 助詞

  reference.pdf.ja 2ページ表示

  6.1

  动词 + 宾语 + 了 — advanced 了 placement

  The completion (completed / change)了le can sit right after the verb or after the object — and which you pick depends on the object's length. With a short object, either works; with a long object, put (completed / change)了le right after the verb so the listener isn't left hanging. (completed / change)了le can also chain "after doing A, then B" in a future sequence.

  構文gòu wén： Subject + Verb + 了 + Object · Subject + Verb + Object + 了

  I我wǒtoday今天jīn tiānsaw见jiàn了lean一个yí geold friend老朋友lǎo péng you。

  I saw an old friend today.

  you你nǐget到dào了lehome家jiā给gěime我wǒcall打电话dǎ diàn huà。

  Call me once you've got home.

  Remember: short object → (completed / change)了le either side; LONG object → (completed / change)了le right after the verb (to appear见jiàn(completed / change)了le一个yí gè很久没hěn jiǔ méito appear见jiàn(modifier / structural particle)的deold friend老朋友lǎo péng yǒu — don't make the listener wait for the (completed / change)了le). And V(completed / change)了leOthen / just就jiù… chains two future actions: down下xià(completed / change)了lesubject课kèthen / just就jiùto go去qùto try to find找zhǎoyou你nǐ ("come find you after class").

  Watch out

  • With a long, modified object, (completed / change)了le after the object reads awkwardly — keep it on the verb.

  6.2

  动词 + 了 + 补语 — advanced 了 with complements

  When a complement follows the verb, (completed / change)了le usually goes after the complement (variant of 吃吃chīto finish完wán(completed / change)了le, to buy买mǎito / arrive到dào(completed / change)了le). Wedging it between the verb and complement (station站zhàn(completed / change)了le(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái) is more written, and limited mostly to direction complements.

  Structure: Subject + Verb + Complement + 了 · (rarer) Subject + Verb + 了 + Complement

  the tickets票piàosold卖màiout光guāng了le。

  The tickets are sold out.

  he他tāstood站zhàn了leup起来qǐ lái。

  He stood up.

  Remember: default: (completed / change)了le AFTER the complement (variant of 吃吃chīto finish完wán(completed / change)了le, 卖光mài guāng(completed / change)了le). (completed / change)了le between verb and complement is the exception — mostly direction complements (station站zhàn(completed / change)了le(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái, to run跑pǎo(completed / change)了lesee 过来过来guò lái), and more written.

  Watch out

  • variant of 吃吃chī(completed / change)了leto finish完wán is wrong — the (completed / change)了le sits after the whole verb-complement: variant of 吃吃chīto finish完wán(completed / change)了le.

  6.3

  话题 + 嘛 — topic-marking 嘛

  The particle (obviously)嘛ma after a topic lets you name it, then comment — "as for …, well, …." The comment is often something you treat as self-evident — a gentle "well, obviously…"

  Structure: Topic + 嘛 ，Comment

  the first time第一次dì yī cì嘛malater，以后yǐ hòu就jiùget the hang of it会huì了le。

  It's your first time — you'll soon get the hang of it.

  a brand name名牌míng pái嘛masurely，一定yí dìngnot不bùcheap便宜pián yi。

  Well, it's a brand name — it's bound to be pricey.

  Remember: (obviously)嘛ma = "well, obviously…" — it flags a topic and frames the comment as common sense (famous brand名牌míng pái(obviously)嘛ma — "it's a brand name, what do you expect"). A "isn't it clear?" softener.

  Watch out

  • The (obviously)嘛ma reading is "obvious / reasonable" — don't confuse it with the question (yes/no ?)吗ma.

  6.4

  …… 呢？ — softening a question

  (and …? / softener)呢ne makes a question gentler and more musing or reflective — almost "(I wonder) …?" It works after or / still还是hái shì (weighing options), after a question word, or on a V-not不bù-V question.

  Structure: Question + 呢？

  he他tāwent去qùwhere哪儿nǎr了le呢ne？

  Where's he gone, I wonder?

  this这zhèis是shìwhose谁shéi的depen笔bǐ呢ne？

  Whose pen is this, I wonder?

  ** remember: ** this (and …? / softener)呢ne = a soft, musing "(I wonder)…" — it takes the edge off a question word / or / still还是hái shì / V-not不bù-V query, often almost self-directed. Softer than a blunt where哪儿nǎrto go去qù(completed / change)了le？.

  Watch out

  • It doesn't form yes/no questions (that's (yes/no ?)吗ma) — it rides on an existing question.

すべてのトピック · HSK 5 文法