名詞

• 5 名詞

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  5.1

  当中 — "among, in the middle of"

  among当中dāng zhōng means "among, in the midst of" — picking out a position within a group or space. With a group it's "of all …"; it can also be physically "in the centre," or "in the middle of (a process)."

  Structure: Group / Place / Process + 当中

  you你nǐare是shìmy我wǒall所有suǒ yǒufriends朋友péng youof当中dāng zhōngthe most最zuìclever聪明cōng ming的de。

  Of all my friends, you're the cleverest.

  them他们tā menamong当中dāng zhōngmany很多hěn duō都dōuare是shìShanghainese上海人Shàng hǎi rén。

  Many of them are Shanghainese.

  Remember: among当中dāng zhōng = "in the midst of" — of a group ("of all…": friend朋友péng yǒuamong当中dāng zhōng), a space ("in the centre": room房间fáng jiānamong当中dāng zhōng), or a process ("mid-…": to negotiate谈判tán pànamong当中dāng zhōng). It always sits after what it's inside.

  Watch out

  • It comes after the group/place, not before: friend朋友péng yǒuamong当中dāng zhōng ✓, not among当中dāng zhōngfriend朋友péng yǒu.

  5.2

  彼此 + 动词 — "each other, one another"

  each other彼此bǐ cǐ (literally "that and this") means "each other, both sides" — a slightly formal cousin of each other互相hù xiāng. As an object it wants a two-syllable verb; it can also stand alone.

  構文gòu wén： 彼此 + Verb · Verb + 彼此

  we我们wǒ menonly只zhǐhave met见过jiàn guoonce一次yí cìeach other，彼此bǐ cǐdon't不bùvery太tàiknow了解liǎo jiě。

  We've only met once — we don't know each other well.

  we我们wǒ menshould应该yīng gāieach other彼此bǐ cǐtrust信任xìn rèn。

  We should trust each other.

  Remember: each other彼此bǐ cǐ = "that-and-this" = each other — the formal sibling of each other互相hù xiāng, with a two-syllable verb (to trust信任xìn rèn, to understand了解liǎo jiě, to esteem尊重zūn zhòng). Bonus idiom: you and me both彼此彼此bǐ cǐ bǐ cǐ = "likewise / same to you."

  Watch out

  • Formal register — in everyday speech each other互相hù xiāng is more natural.

  5.3

  Time / Event + 以来 — "ever since, since"

  since (a previous event)以来yǐ lái marks a stretch of time running from a past point right up to now — "(ever) since." It usually opens the sentence; in formal writing it can be bracketed as (bound form) self自zì(from从cóng) … since (a previous event)以来yǐ lái.

  Structure: Time / Event + 以来 ，……

  getting married结婚jié hūnsince以来yǐ láiwe，我们wǒ menhaven't没méihad吵过chǎo guoa fight架jià。

  Since we got married, we haven't had a single fight.

  starting上shànguniversity大学dà xuésince以来yǐ láihe，他tāhas changed变biàn了lea lot很多hěn duō。

  Since starting university, he's changed a lot.

  Remember: since (a previous event)以来yǐ lái = "from (then) up to NOW" — a continuous run reaching the present (to marry结婚jié hūnsince (a previous event)以来yǐ lái, (bound form) up上shànguniversity大学dà xuésince (a previous event)以来yǐ lái). In writing, wrap it: since (a time)自从zì cóng…since (a previous event)以来yǐ lái. Set phrases: for a long time长期以来cháng qī yǐ lái ("for ages now"), since the beginning of…有史以来yǒu shǐ yǐ lái ("since history began").

  Watch out

  • It implies the period reaches the present — for a closed past span, use (modifier / structural particle)的detime时候shí hòu / then那时nà shí.

  5.4

  当 … 的时候 — "when, at the time of"

  at or in the very same...当dāng … (modifier / structural particle)的detime时候shí hòu frames when something happens — "when, at the moment that." at or in the very same...当dāng opens it; (modifier / structural particle)的detime时候shí hòu (or just o'clock时shí) closes it.

  Structure: 当 + Event + 的时候 ，……

  when当dāngI我wǒsaw看到kàn dàothis这zhè张zhāngphoto照片zhào piànwhen时shíI，我wǒimmediately就jiùthought of想起xiǎng qǐ了leyou你nǐ。

  When I saw this photo, I immediately thought of you.

  when当dāngmy little brother弟弟dì diis hungry饿è的时候de shí houhe，他tā就jiùwill会huìloudly大声dà shēngcry哭kū。

  When my little brother is hungry, he cries loudly.

  Remember: at or in the very same...当dāng … (modifier / structural particle)的detime时候shí hòu = a pair of brackets around "when…" (at or in the very same...当dāng opens, (modifier / structural particle)的detime时候shí hòu closes). The at or in the very same...当dāng is optional but adds a formal, narrative ring; (modifier / structural particle)的detime时候shí hòu can shrink to o'clock时shí.

  Watch out

  • Don't leave at or in the very same...当dāng dangling without its (modifier / structural particle)的detime时候shí hòu / o'clock时shí — they work as a pair.

  5.5

  名词 + 这个 + Category — name-calling with 这个

  Slot this这个zhè ge + category after a name or pronoun and it adds a wry, evaluative colour — "you, … of a …, this so-called …." It paints the noun with the speaker's attitude, fond or critical.

  Structure: Noun / Pronoun + 这个 + Category

  you你nǐthis这个zhè geperson人rén啊atoo，太tàicareless粗心cū xīn了le。

  You — you're just too careless.

  he他tāthis这个zhè geteacher老师lǎo shī当dāng得dereally真zhēngood不错bú cuò。

  As a teacher, he's really rather good.

  Remember: Noun + this这个zhè ge + category = identification with an attitude — you你nǐthis这个zhè geperson人rén(exclamation)啊a… ("you — honestly!"). It's not neutral pointing; it carries the speaker's feeling, affectionate or exasperated.

  Watch out

  • Very colloquial — you你nǐthis这个zhè geperson人rén, he / him他tāthis这个zhè gechild孩子hái zi. In neutral identification you'd just drop the this这个zhè ge.

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