類似前置詞の比較

• 27 類似前置詞の比較

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  27.1

  朝 vs 向 vs 往 — "towards, facing"

  すべて3つは direction をto show示shìす。plain directional use でverb動詞dòng cíのfront前qiánにあるsituation場合chǎng hé、これらは interchangeable である（towards往wǎng / towards向xiàng / facing forwards朝前cháo qiánto walk走zǒu）。verb動詞dòng cíの after （(of a bus, train etc) to…开往kāi wǎng, 飞往fēi wǎng）では、towards往wǎng が destination をto show示shìしmost最zuìもsame一般yì bān(modifier / structural particle)的deで、towards向xiàng が direction をto show示shìし、morning朝cháo はverb動詞dòng cíのback後hòuにto install置zhìけない。Only towards向xiàng はabstract抽象chōu xiàng(modifier / structural particle)的deなpurpose目的mù dìまでto stretch伸shēnびる（towards向xiàng…to learn学习xué xí）。

  往wǎngforward前qiánwalk走zǒuten十shíminutes分钟fēn zhōng。

  Walk forward for ten minutes.

  this这个zhè getrain地铁dì tiěis是shìbound for开往kāi wǎngPudong浦东Pǔ dōngAirport机场jī chǎng的de吗ma？

  Is this train bound for Pudong Airport?

  ** remember **：**before the verb, all three tie （towards往wǎng/towards向xiàng/facing forwards朝前cháo qiánto walk走zǒu）；after the verb, only towards往wǎng （destination: (of a bus, train etc) to…开往kāi wǎngBeijing, capital of the…北京běi jīng） or towards向xiàng — morning朝cháo can't follow a verb. And abstract "learn from / turn toward" is towards向xiàng alone: towards向xiàng…to learn学习xué xí。

  Watch out

  • morning朝cháo はmost最zuìも restricted — verb動詞dòng cíの before にto defend保bǎoて。

  27.2

  对 vs 对于 — "towards, regarding"

  "towards / regarding" の near-synonyms。to / towards / correct对duì はsoft柔軟róu ruǎnで、あなたが act on するperson人物rén wùをto show示shìせる（to / towards / correct对duìhe / him他tāto laugh笑xiào "smile at him"）。regarding对于duì yú はより formal で、 Only a topic or object of attitude を framing し、direct (opposite: indirect…直接zhí jiēの(classifier used before a…個gèperson人rén(modifier / structural particle)的deターゲットをとることができない。Rule of thumb: regarding对于duì yú がvariant of 合合héう(nominalizer)所suǒなら to / towards / correct对duì もvariant of 合合héう — そのcontrary逆nìではない。

  regarding对于duì yúthis这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tíI，我wǒhave no没有méi yǒuview看法kàn fǎ。

  As for this question, I've no opinion.

  he他tāat对duìme我wǒsmiled笑xiào了le。

  He smiled at me.

  ** remember **：regarding对于duì yú fits ⟹ to / towards / correct对duì fits — but NOT the reverse. A personal target （to / towards / correct对duìhe / him他tāto laugh笑xiào, "smile at him"）は to / towards / correct对duì がnecessary必要bì yào；regarding对于duì yú は Only frames a topic/attitude （regarding对于duì yúthis这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tí）。When in doubt, to / towards / correct对duì は safer, broader one。

  Watch out

  • regarding对于duì yú のstraight直zhíback後hòuにperson人物rén wùをターゲットとしてto install置zhìかない — regarding对于duì yúhe / him他tāto laugh笑xiào ✗, to / towards / correct对duìhe / him他tāto laugh笑xiào ✓。

  27.3

  关于 vs 对于 vs 至于 — three "regarding"s

  pertaining to关于guān yú = topic / subject matter （"about, on"）；regarding对于duì yú = target of an attitude （"towards, regarding"）；as for至于zhì yú = a transition to a new topic （"as for, as to"）。

  about关于guān yúthis这zhè本běnbook书shūI，我wǒhave有yǒu些xiēthoughts想法xiǎng fǎ。

  About this book, I have some thoughts.

  as for至于zhì yúthe price价格jià gélater，以后yǐ hòu再zàiwe'll talk说shuō。

  As for the price, we'll discuss it later.

  ** remember **：three jobs — **pertaining to关于guān yú = the subject （"about X"）；regarding对于duì yú = an attitude aimed at X （"towards X"）；as for至于zhì yú = a switch to a new topic （"as for X…"）。Subject / attitude / topic-shift。

  Watch out

  • as for至于zhì yú は topic を change するだけで、Japanese variant of 单単dānに1つを name するわけではない — pertaining to关于guān yú のto substitute代dàiわりに swap してはいけない。

  27.4

  给 vs 为 — "for, to"

  どちらも「for / to (someone)」というmeaning意味yì wèiをto hold持chíつ。to / for / give给gěi は concrete action の recipient をto show示shìす（to / for / give给gěihe / him他tāto make a telephone call打电话dǎ diàn huà "call him"）；for为wèi は beneficiary or reason をto show示shìし、より abstract （for为wèihe / him他tāhappy高兴gāo xìng "happy for him"）。 for为wèi は「hand-to / call」action で to / for / give给gěi を replace することはできない。

  please请qǐngto给gěime我wǒpass拿náa pair of一双yì shuāngchopsticks筷子kuài zi。

  Please pass me a pair of chopsticks.

  we我们wǒ menall都dōufor为wèiyou你nǐare happy高兴gāo xìng。

  We're all happy for you.

  ** remember **：**to / for / give给gěi = the RECIPIENT of a concrete action （hand to / call）：to / for / give给gěihe / him他tāto make a telephone call打电话dǎ diàn huà；for为wèi = the BENEFICIARY or reason, abstract: for为wèihe / him他tāhappy高兴gāo xìng。Something physically goes to someone → to / for / give给gěi；you feel/act on behalf of someone → for为wèi。

  Watch out

  • for为wèihe / him他tāto make a telephone call打电话dǎ diàn huà sounds off for "call him" — a concrete handover/call wants to / for / give给gěi。

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