補語

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18 補語
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18.1
形容词 + 得 + 很 / 不得了 / 要命 / 不行 — advanced degree complements

Adj + (degree marker)得de のback後hòu、to fix固定gù dìngsentence句jùas如rú degree / adjective linker很hěn / desperately serious不得了bù dé le / to cause sb's death要命yào mìng / won't do不行bù xíng がnature性質xìng zhìをlimit極限jí xiànまでhigh高gāoめる。「〜にひどい、〜にmad狂kuángったように」（You already know -to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le and -extremely极了jí le; these are the other common ones.）。

Structure: Adjective + 得 + 很 / 不得了 / 要命 / 不行

this这个zhè gechild孩子hái ziselfish自私zì sīterribly得很de hěn。

This child is terribly selfish.

my我wǒfather爸爸bà bastubborn固执gù zhí得deawfully不得了bù dé liǎo。

My father is awfully stubborn.

remember: Adj + (degree marker)得de のback後hòuの "…like crazy" 尾辞wěi cíキット：(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěn、(degree marker)得dedesperately serious不得了bù dé le、(degree marker)得deto cause sb's death要命yào mìng、(degree marker)得dewon't do不行bù xíng（すべて "…to death / unbearably"）。既知jì zhīの -to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le / -extremely极了jí le とto stand side by side並列bìng lièする。

Watch out

これらはall全quánて (degree marker)得de（selfish自私zì sī(degree marker)得dedegree / adjective linker很hěn）がnecessary必要bì yàoであり、-to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le / -extremely极了jí le outer appearance形式xíng shìはそのままto receive接jiēJapanese variant of 续続xùする。
18.2
动词 + 得了 / 不了 — advanced potential complements

(degree marker)得de(completed / change)了le / (as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo （ここで (completed / change)了leは liǎo とJapanese variant of 读読dúむ）はverb動詞dòng cíback後hòuにto pay付fùき、movement動作dòng zuòが to supervise管理guǎn lǐできるか、to succeed成chéngりto stand立lìつか をto ask問wènう。 often hinting at an outside factor. (as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo ≈ "can't (because of circumstances)."

Structure: Verb + 得了 / 不了

so这么zhè memuch多duōfood菜càiI，我wǒeat吃chīcan't manage不了bù liǎo。

So much food — I can't finish it all.

he他tāso那么nà meold老lǎowalk，走zǒucan manage得了de liǎothat那么nà mefar多duō路lù吗ma？

He's so old — can he walk that far?

remember: (completed / change)了le here = liǎo ("manage / finish") — V(degree marker)得de(completed / change)了le / V(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo = "can / can't pull it off," usually due to circumstances (variant of 吃吃chī(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo "can't finish," to go去qù(as a resultative verb…不了bù liǎo "can't make it"). Different from cannot不能bù néng ("not allowed").

Watch out

to take note of注意zhù yìto pronounce发音fā yīn：here这里zhè lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的de“(completed / change)了le”to read out读dú liǎo，and / but而érto not be非fēito express / indicate表示biǎo shìto complete完成wán chéng(modifier / structural particle)的de le。
18.3
动词 + 住 / 开 / 出(来) — 进阶结果补语

三个sān gèin common usage常用cháng yòng(modifier / structural particle)的deoutcome结果jié guǒcomplement (grammar)补语bǔ yǔ：to live住zhù = 抓牢zhuā láo / to stop停下tíng xià（to remember记住jì zhù、to stop停住tíng zhù）；to open (transitive or…开kāi = to separate分开fēn kāi / to depart离开lí kāi，maybe或huòto break away from摆脱bǎi tuōto be worried烦恼fán nǎo（to leave走开zǒu kāi、to get over (a shock…想开xiǎng kāi “to lay down放下fàng xiàa load on one's mind心事xīn shì”）；variant of 出 (classifier…出chū(to come来lái) = to arise产生chǎn shēng / want / think / miss想xiǎngvariant of 出 (classifier…出chū、to make out看出kàn chū（want / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái、to see看kàn(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái）。

Structure: Verb + 住 / 开 / 出(来)

I我wǒremember记jìcan't不bùhold住zhùso这么zhè memany多duōnew words生词shēng cí。

I / me我wǒcan't remember记不住jì bú zhùso much这么zhè me多新duō xīnword单词dān cí。

let想xiǎngit go开kāia bit一点yì diǎndon't，别biébe sad难过nán guò了le。

(coll.) to try to试着shì zheto lay down放下fàng xiàa load on one's mind心事xīn shì(suggestion)吧ba——别难过bié nán guò。

to remember记住jì zhù： to imagine想象xiǎng xiàng每个měi gècomplement (grammar)补语bǔ yǔ(modifier / structural particle)的descene画面huà miàn：to live住zhù = to keep a firm grip on抓紧zhuā jǐn/to stop停止tíng zhǐ（to remember记住jì zhù “牢记在心láo jì zài xīn”，to stop停住tíng zhù “to stop停下tíng xià”）；to open (transitive or…开kāi = to separate分离fēn lí/to depart离开lí kāi（to leave走开zǒu kāi “to leave走开zǒu kāi”，to get over (a shock…想开xiǎng kāi “to untie解开jiě kāiknot结jié = to get over (a traumatic…释怀shì huái”）；variant of 出 (classifier…出chū(to come来lái) = to appear呈现chéng xiàn/appearance显现xiǎn xiàn（want / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái “want / think / miss想xiǎngvariant of 出 (classifier…出chū”，to see看kàn(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái “to make out看出kàn chū”）。

Watch out

to get over (a shock…想开xiǎng kāi (“to lay down放下fàng xiàa load on one's mind心事xīn shì”) vs want / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái (“want / think / miss想xiǎngvariant of 出 (classifier…出chū”) — 同一个tóng yī gè“want / think / miss想xiǎng”，cause因yīncomplement (grammar)补语bǔ yǔdifferent不同bù tóngand / but而érto arise产生chǎn shēngopposite相反xiāng fǎn(modifier / structural particle)的deoutcome结果jié guǒ。
18.4
动词 + 坏了 — “……得厉害，……到了极点”

complement (grammar)补语bǔ yǔ bad坏huài(completed / change)了le（similar类似lèi sì“to die死sǐ(completed / change)了le”）to express / indicate表示biǎo shìsome kind (of)某种mǒu zhǒngto sense感受gǎn shòuto reach达到dá dào(completed / change)了leextremely极度jí dù(modifier / structural particle)的dedegree程度chéng dù —— “……(degree marker)得de(used to describe sb or sth…厉害lì hài，……to / arrive到dào(completed / change)了leextreme point极点jí diǎn”。despite尽管jǐn guǎn“bad坏huài”idea意yìfor为wèi“no good不好bù hǎo”，but但dànthis place此处cǐ chùbarely仅jǐnto express / indicate表示biǎo shì“extremely极其jí qí”，even甚至shèn zhìused in 可汗可kěto use in用于yòng yúactive积极jī jícontext语境yǔ jìng。

Structure: Adjective / psych-Verb + 坏了

everyone大家dà jiā都dōutired累lèiout坏了huài le。

everyone大家dà jiāall / both都dōuto become exhausted累坏lèi huài(completed / change)了le。

the child孩子hái ziwent missing不见bú jiàn了lethe mother，妈妈mā mafrantic急jí坏了huài le。

child孩子hái zilost走失zǒu shī(completed / change)了le——mother母亲mǔ qīn急坏jí huài(completed / change)了le。

to remember记住jì zhù： bad坏huài(completed / change)了le = “……to / arrive到dào(completed / change)了leextreme point极点jí diǎn”，really isn't并非bìng fēi“bad坏huài(completed / change)了le” —— pure纯粹chún cuìwatch (timepiece)表biǎodegree程度chéng dù，to link连lián积极情绪jī jí qíng xùalso也yě可用kě yòng：to become exhausted累坏lèi huài(completed / change)了le (worn out)、饿坏è huài(completed / change)了le (starving)、急坏jí huài(completed / change)了le (frantic)、happy高兴gāo xìngbad坏huài(completed / change)了le (thrilled to bits)。

Watch out

don't不要bú yào(把: marks the object)把bǎ“happy高兴gāo xìngbad坏huài(completed / change)了le”读作dú zuò“happy快乐kuài lè(把: marks the object)把bǎ……to break打破dǎ pò(completed / change)了le”——here这里zhè lǐ(modifier / structural particle)的de“bad坏huài(completed / change)了le”exactly就是jiù shì“extremely极其jí qí”(modifier / structural particle)的deidea意思yì si。
18.5
动词 + 着 — 结果补语着 (zháo)

(ongoing -ing)着zhe（to read out读dú zháo）to use / with用yòngat / in在zàiverb动词dòng cíback后hòu，to express / indicate表示biǎo shìmovement动作dòng zuòto acquire取得qǔ dé(completed / change)了leeffect成效chéng xiào —— “success成功chéng gōngto accomplish做到zuò dào、to do with difficulty勉强miǎn qiǎngto accomplish做到zuò dào”。don't不要bú yàoto desire将jiānghis其qíand / with与yǔbody体tǐparticle (grammatical)助词zhù cí (ongoing -ing)着zhe (zhe) to obscure混淆hùn xiáo。his其qímaybe / possible可能kě néngtype式shìouter appearance形式xíng shìfor为wèi (degree marker)得de(ongoing -ing)着zhe / not不bù(ongoing -ing)着zhe。

Structure: Verb + 着 (zháo)

the baby宝宝bǎo baojust刚gāngfell asleep睡着shuì zháo。

infant婴儿yīng érjust now刚gāngto fall asleep睡着shuì zháo(completed / change)了le。

last night昨晚zuó wǎnI我wǒdidn't没méimanage to sleep睡着shuì zháo。

yesterday evening昨晚zuó wǎnI / me我wǒhow / why怎么zěn mealso也yě睡不着shuì bù zhe。

to remember记住jì zhù： (ongoing -ing)着zhe = zháo here = “击中目标jī zhòng mù biāo、success成功chéng gōng” —— to fall asleep睡着shuì zháo (managed to sleep)、to try to find找zhǎo(ongoing -ing)着zhe (found)、to buy买mǎinot不bù(ongoing -ing)着zhe (can't get hold of)。this这zhèand / with与yǔto express / indicate表示biǎo shìto continue持续chí xùcondition状态zhuàng tài(modifier / structural particle)的de zhe（门开mén kāi(ongoing -ing)着zhe）complete完全wán quándifferent不同bù tóng。

Watch out

两种liǎng zhǒngpronunciation读音dú yīn，两种liǎng zhǒngfunction功能gōng néng：to fall asleep睡着shuì zháo (zháo, “to fall asleep睡着shuì zháo(completed / change)了le”，watch (timepiece)表biǎooutcome结果jié guǒ) vs 开着kāi zhe (zhe, “开着kāi zhe”，watch (timepiece)表biǎocondition状态zhuàng tài)。
18.6
动词 + 到 — “到”的复杂用法

verb动词dòng cíback后hòu(modifier / structural particle)的de to / arrive到dào to make使shǐto achieve实现shí xiàn/to reach (an agreement)达成dá chéngto become变得biàn déclear-cut明确míng què：to try to find找zhǎo (“to seek寻找xún zhǎo”) vs to find找到zhǎo dào (“to find找到zhǎo dào”)；to make做zuò vs to accomplish做到zuò dào (“to complete完成wán chéng”)；to buy买mǎi vs to buy买mǎito / arrive到dào (“success成功chéng gōngto buy买mǎito / arrive到dào”)。not have / haven't没有méi yǒu“to / arrive到dào”，verb动词dòng címaybe / possible可能kě néngto have as a feature or…带有dài yǒu“to try尝试cháng shì”(modifier / structural particle)的demeaning (implicit in a…含义hán yì。

Structure: Verb + 到

you你nǐmust一定yí dìng要yàofind it找到zhǎo dào。

you你nǐto have to必须bì xūto find找到zhǎo dàoit它tā。

I我wǒdidn't没méiexpect想到xiǎng dàoyou你nǐtoo也yěcame来lái了le。

didn't expect没想到méi xiǎng dàoyou你nǐalso也yěcan / will会huìto come来lái。

to remember记住jì zhù： to / arrive到dào at / in在zàiverb动词dòng cí上盖shàng gàidown下xià“已达成yǐ dá chéng”(modifier / structural particle)的deimprint印记yìn jì：to try to find找zhǎo (search) → to try to find找zhǎoto / arrive到dào (find)，to buy买mǎi → to buy买mǎito / arrive到dào (succeed in buying)，want / think / miss想xiǎng → want / think / miss想xiǎngto / arrive到dào (think of / expect)。variant of 裸裸luǒverb动词dòng cíbarely仅jǐnto express / indicate表示biǎo shì“to try尝试cháng shì”。

Watch out

to try to find找zhǎo vs to find找到zhǎo dào to be / is是shìthe classics经典jīng diǎnto contrast对比duì bǐ：to try to find找zhǎo(completed / change)了lehalf of the day半天bàn tiān (“to search搜sōu(completed / change)了ledegree / adjective linker很hěn(long) time久jiǔ”) variant of 并并bìngnot不bùrepresentative代表dài biǎoyou你nǐ to find找到zhǎo dào (“to find找到zhǎo dào(completed / change)了le”)。
18.7
动词 + 来 + 动词 + 去 — “……来……去的”

to use / with用yòng一个yí gèverb动词dòng cíto wrap up包裹bāo guǒat / in在zài to come来lái … to go去qù to hit (the mark)中zhōng，to describe描绘miáo huìone kind of一种yī zhǒngrepeatedly反复fǎn fù、not to have无wúpurpose目的mù dì(modifier / structural particle)的demovement动作dòng zuò —— “……to make a round trip来回lái huí(adverb -ly)地deto make做zuò，one time (all the way…一遍yī biànagain又yòuone time (all the way…一遍yī biàn”。identical同一tóng yīmonosyllabic单音节dān yīn jiéverb动词dòng cícan / will会huìvariant of 重复重复chóng fùto appear出现chū xiànat / in在zàitwo sides两侧liǎng cè。

Structure: Verb + 来 + (same) Verb + 去

he他tā在zàithe exam hall考场kǎo chǎngoutside外面wài miànpaced back and forth走来走去zǒu lái zǒu qù。

he / him他tāat / in在zàiexam room考场kǎo chǎngoutside外wài走来走去zǒu lái zǒu qù。

I我wǒthought it over and over想来想去xiǎng lái xiǎng qùstill都dōucouldn't work it out想不明白xiǎng bù míng bai。

I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎng(completed / change)了leone time (all the way…一遍yī biànagain又yòuone time (all the way…一遍yī biàn，but但dànor / still还是hái shìnot / haven't没méiwant / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái。

to remember记住jì zhù： Vto come来láiVto go去qù = “to make a round trip来回lái huí、to toss and turn…翻来覆去fān lái fù qù” —— identical同一tóng yīmonosyllabic单音节dān yīn jiéverb动词dòng cíto appear出现chū xiànat / in在zàitwo sides两侧liǎng cè，to describe描绘miáo huìfretful焦躁jiāo zào(modifier / structural particle)的devariant of 重复重复chóng fù：走来走去zǒu lái zǒu qù (pacing)、想来想去xiǎng lái xiǎng qù (mulling)、说来说去shuō lái shuō qù (going on about it)、to toss and turn…翻来覆去fān lái fù qù (tossing and turning)。

Watch out

it它tāto have as a feature or…带有dài yǒuone kind of一种yī zhǒngsubtle微妙wēi miào(modifier / structural particle)的de futile徒劳tú láo/fretful焦躁jiāo zào tone语气yǔ qì —— movement动作dòng zuò很多hěn duō，usually往往wǎng wǎngnot have / haven't没有méi yǒuoutcome结果jié guǒ。