動詞

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10 動詞
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10.1
动词 + 什么 — challenging an action

A verb followed by what什么shén me (often the same verb again) is a rhetorical, annoyed pushback — "what are you …ing for? / stop …ing!" With a separable verb, what什么shén me splits the two halves.

構文gòu wén： Verb + 什么 + (same) Verb · Verb + 什么 + Object

you你nǐcrying哭kūwhat for什么shén me哭kūit's not as if，又yòu不是bú shìthere's no没有méi yǒuyour你nǐ的degift礼物lǐ wù。

What are you crying for? It's not as if there's no gift for you.

divorce离líwhat什么shén me婚hūnyou！你们nǐ menonly才cáimarried结婚jié hūnthree months三个月sān ge yuè。

Divorce?! You've only been married three months!

Remember: V + what什么shén me (+ V) = an irritated "what are you …ing for?!" — to cry哭kūwhat什么shén meto cry哭kū ("quit crying!"), urgent急jíwhat什么shén me ("what's the rush?!"). Separable verbs split around it: away from离líwhat什么shén meto marry婚hūn, road道dàowhat什么shén meto apologize歉qiàn.

Watch out

It's blunt and familiar — fine between close friends/family, rude to strangers.
10.2
不像 … 这么 / 那么 … — "not as … as"

to resemble像xiàng means "(just) like"; 不像bù xiàng + B + so much这么zhè me / like that那么nà me + Adj says A falls short of B on some quality — "not as … as B."

構文gòu wén： Noun 1 + 像 + Noun 2 + 一样 + Adj · Noun 1 + 不像 + Noun 2 + 这么 / 那么 + Adj

she她tāsometimes有时候yǒu shí houlike像xiànga child小孩xiǎo háijust一样yí yàngnaive天真tiān zhēn。

She's sometimes as naive as a child.

today今天jīn tiānnot as … as不像bú xiàngyesterday昨天zuó tiānso那么nà mecold冷lěng。

today今日jīn rìはyesterday昨日zuó rìほどcold寒hánくはない。

Remember: to resemble像xiàng…same一样yī yàng = "just like"; 不像bù xiàng…like that那么nà me… = "not as … as." today今天jīn tiān不像bù xiàngyesterday昨天zuó tiānlike that那么nà mecold冷lěng ("today isn't as cold as yesterday"). The so much这么zhè me / like that那么nà me carries the degree being fallen short of.

Watch out

It's a near-twin of the not have / haven't没有méi yǒu…like that那么nà me… comparison (HSK 3) — both say "falls short of."
10.3
比起 + B (+ 来) ，A ~ — "compared with B, A …"

compared with比起bǐ qǐ … (to come来lái) opens a comparison frame — "compared with B, A is …." It puts B forward as the yardstick. A variant is (with / and跟gēn / and / with和hé / and / with与yǔ) B to compare相比xiāng bǐ.

構文gòu wén： 比起 + B (+ 来) ，A + Comment · (与) B 相比，A ~

compared with比起bǐ qǐShanghai上海Shàng hǎimy，我wǒhometown老家lǎo jiā的deprices物价wù jiàcheaper便宜pián yimuch多duō了le。

Compared with Shanghai, my hometown's prices are much cheaper.

compared with与yǔonline网络wǎng luòteaching教学jiào xué相比xiāng bǐI，我wǒ更gèngprefer喜欢xǐ huanface-to-face面对面miàn duì miàn。

Compared with online teaching, I prefer face-to-face.

Remember: compared with比起bǐ qǐ B (to come来lái) / and / with与yǔ B to compare相比xiāng bǐ = "set against B, …" — it foregrounds the yardstick B, then delivers the verdict on A. The everyday cousin is with / and跟gēn…than / compared to比bǐ(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái (HSK 3).

Watch out

It frames the comparison; for a plain "A is more X than B," a bare than / compared to比bǐ (Athan / compared to比bǐB…) is enough.
10.4
不如 …… — "not as good as / better to"

not equal to不如bù rú has two jobs: "A not equal to不如bù rú B (+ Adj)" = "A isn't as (good / …) as B"; and "(rather than...与其yǔ qí …，) not equal to不如bù rú …" = "(rather than …,) better to …." Drop the adjective and not equal to不如bù rú just means "not as good as."

構文gòu wén： A + 不如 + B (+ Adj) · (与其 …，) 不如 …

this这件zhè jiàndress裙子qún ziisn't as … as不如bù rúthat one那件nà jiànpretty好看hǎo kàn。

This dress isn't as pretty as that one.

rather than与其yǔ qídaydream空想kōng xiǎngbetter to，不如bù rúright away马上mǎ shàngact行动xíng dòng。

Rather than daydreaming, better to act right away.

Remember: not equal to不如bù rú = "falls short of / better to." Anot equal to不如bù rúB = "A isn't as good as B" (I / me我wǒnot equal to不如bù rúhe / him他tā, "I'm no match for him"); rather than...与其yǔ qí…not equal to不如bù rú… = "rather than…, better to…". With no adjective, it's plain "inferior to."

Watch out

rather than...与其yǔ qí sets up the rejected option, not equal to不如bù rú the preferred one — keep that order.
10.5
名詞 / 形容詞 + 化 — "-ize, -ify"

接尾辞jiē wěi cíto make into化huàはnoun名詞míng cíやto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíをcourse of events過程guò chéngverb動詞dòng cíにJapanese variant of 变変biànto exchange換huànします — "-ize, -ify, ～になる。"

Structure: Noun / Adjective + 化

cities城市chéng shìare modernising现代化xiàn dài huà得devery很hěnfast快kuài。

city都市dū shìはhurried急速jí sùに近代化jìn dài huàしている。

we我们wǒ menwant to要yào把bǎthe process流程liú chéngautomate自动化zì dòng huà。

personal私sīたちはプロセスをautomation自動化zì dòng huàしたい。

ポイント： to make into化huà = English "-ize / -ify" — 付加fù jiāして「～to make into化huàする」verb動詞dòng cíをto do作zuòります: modernization现代化xiàn dài huà (modernize), to make more beautiful美化měi huà (beautify), automation自动化zì dòng huà (automate), to internationalize国际化guó jì huà (internationalize), diversification多样化duō yàng huà (diversify)。

Watch out

学術xué shù(modifier / structural particle)的deなto be born生shēngJapanese variant of 产産chǎnnature性xìngのhigh高gāoい接尾辞jiē wěi cíです — abstract抽象chōu xiàng(modifier / structural particle)的de・course of events過程guò chéngnoun名詞míng cíには最適zuì shìですが、day-to-day日常rì chángto tell to語yǔにはnot不bùnature自然zì ránです。
10.6
算 — "count as, consider"

to regard as算suàn はあるものがspecial特定tè dìngのカテゴリーにshould該gāiat or in the very same...当dāngするかどうかをto judge判断pàn duànします — "count as, be considered, qualify as." Japanese variant of 单単dānalone独dúでto make使shǐうと let it be算了suàn le = "もういいだ、to examine諦dìめる。"

Structure: Subject + 算 + Adjective / Category + 的

in在zàiour我们wǒ menclass班bānhe，他tācounts as算suàntall高gāo的de。

personal私sīたちのクラスでは、that彼bǐはthe back of a body or object背bèiがhigh高gāoいsquare方fāngにto enter入rùれる。

this这zhèbit of点diǎnmoney钱qiánisn't不bùcounted as算suàna lot多duō。

この amount のおgold金jīnはmany多duōくない。

ポイント： to regard as算suàn = "reckons as / counts as" — to count計算jì suàn（calculate）のletter字zìがカテゴリーのto judge判定pàn dìngにto make使shǐわれます: 他算tā suànhigh高gāo(modifier / structural particle)的de ("counts as tall"). day-to-day日常rì chángto tell to語yǔの let it be算了suàn le Japanese variant of 单単dānalone独dú = "もういい、to put放置fàng zhìする。"

Watch out

カテゴリーouter appearance形式xíng shìはend末尾mò wěiに (modifier / structural particle)的de がつくことがmany多duōい: to regard as算suànhigh高gāo(modifier / structural particle)的de, to regard as算suàncheap便宜pián yi(modifier / structural particle)的de。
10.7
难怪 — "no wonder"

(it's) no wonder (that...)难怪nán guài はsuddenly突然tū ránのJapanese variant of 气気qìづきをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoす — "no wonder, それがreason理由lǐ yóuだ。" now今jīnになってto comprehend理解lǐ jiěしたmatter事shìJapanese variant of 实実shíにto precede others先行xiān xíngし、 often original原来yuán lái とセットでto make使shǐわれる。

Structure: 难怪 + Person / Fact ……

no wonder难怪nán guàihe他tādidn't没méicome来láiit turns out，原来yuán láihe's sick生病shēng bìng了le。

that彼bǐがto come来láiなかったのは納得nà déいく — illness病bìngJapanese variant of 气気qìがpart分fēnかったんだから。

you你nǐare是shìnew新来xīn lái的deno wonder，难怪nán guàiI我wǒdon't不bùknow认识rèn shiyou你nǐ。

monarch君jūnはnewcomer新人xīn rénだから、personal私sīがto know知zhīらないのもof course当然dāng ránだ。

ポイント： (it's) no wonder (that...)难怪nán guài = "no wonder!" — suffix for nouns頭tóuのto hit (the mark)中zhōngでピタリとはまるin an instant瞬間shùn jiān。original本来běn láiは difficult / hard难nán (hard) + variant of 怪怪guài (to blame): "その circumstances であれば、duty責zéめることできない。" reason理由lǐ yóuを(bound form) to state述shùべる original原来yuán lái とペアになりやすい ((it's) no wonder (that...)难怪nán guài…，original原来yuán lái…)。

Watch out

now今jīn解明jiě míngされた事柄shì bǐngをto point out提示tí shìし、そのback後hòuにvariant of 说説shuōbright明míngがJapanese variant of 续続xùく (often original原来yuán lái をpartner伴bànう)。