基本/単純文型

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24 基本/単純文型
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24.1
连 … 都 … — 「 even（ Even）」

to link连lián … all / both都dōu (also也yě) はto startle驚jīngくべきexample例lìをto emphasize (a statement)強調qiáng diàoします — 「even …」。English (language)英語yīng yǔdialect話huà(after a verb or adjective)…者zhěが見落jiàn luòとしがちなポイント： Japanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngのpart部分bù fèn をto keep維持wéi chíするnecessary必要bì yàoがあります（English (language)英語yīng yǔではJapanese variant of 单単dānに "even" にcontraction (in grammar)縮約suō yuēされます）。to emphasize (a statement)強調qiáng diàoされたitem項目xiàng mù — Japanese variant of 对対duì象物xiàng wùであっても — in advance先頭xiān tóu にto move移動yí dòngします。

Structure: 连 + Subject / Object + 都 (+ 不 / 没) + Verb

this这个zhè gequestion问题wèn tíso太tàisimple简单jiǎn dān了leeven，连liána three-year-old三岁sān suìchild小孩xiǎo háieven都dōuknows知道zhī dào。

これはあまりにもsimple簡jiǎnJapanese variant of 单単dānで、3Japanese variant of 岁歳suìの(noun suffix)子ziでもto know知zhīっています。

he他tāanything什么shén me都dōueats吃chīeven，连liándog meat狗肉gǒu ròueven都dōueats吃chī。

that彼bǐはどんなものでもto feed (a person or animal)食shíべる — 犬肉quǎn ròuまで。

Remember： to link连lián X all / both都dōu = "even X" — BOTH 言葉yán yèがnecessary必要bì yàoです。 English (language)英語yīng yǔは "even" だけをto keep保持bǎo chíしますが、China中国zhōng guóto tell to語yǔでは to link连lián (to startle驚jīngくべきitem項目xiàng mù) … all / both都dōu (Japanese variant of 卷巻juànき(Japanese kokuji) to be…込yūむ) というフレームをto do作zuòります。item項目xiàng mùはin advance先頭xiān tóuにto fly飛fēiびvariant of 出 (classifier…出chūします： to link连liándog meat狗肉gǒu ròuall / both都dōuvariant of 吃吃chī、to decide決juéして variant of 吃吃chīto link连liándog meat狗肉gǒu ròu とはしません。

Watch out

all / both都dōu をto fall or drop落luòとすとJapanese variant of 坏壊huàiれます — to link连lián はalways常chángにその all / both都dōu / also也yě パートナーをnecessary必要bì yàoとします。
24.2
疑问词 + 都 — "every / any"

question疑問yí wènword詞cí + all / both都dōu は すべての situation場合chǎng héをnet for fishing or bird…網羅wǎng luóします — "everyone, anything, anywhere, whenever." not不bù / not / haven't没méi をto add something extra追加zhuī jiāすると、complete完全wán quánなto negate否定fǒu dìngにcontrary反fǎnJapanese variant of 转転zhuǎnします： "none, nothing, nowhere."

Structure: Question Word + 都 + Predicate

everyone谁shéi都dōulikes喜欢xǐ huangood food美食měi shí。

Everyone loves good food. → みんなdelicious美味měi wèiしいものがgood好hǎoきだ。

I我wǒanywhere哪儿nǎr都dōudon't不bùwant想xiǎngto go去qù。

personal私sīはどこへもOK / to walk行xíngきたくない。

** remember : ** question疑問yí wènword詞cí + all / both都dōu = "all / every"; + not不bù / not / haven't没méi = "none / nothing." who谁shéiall / both都dōu (everyone), what什么shén meall / both都dōu (everything), where哪儿nǎrall / both都dōu (everywhere), how / why怎么zěn meall / both都dōu (no matter how) — then a not不bù / not / haven't没méi turns each into its negative (what什么shén meall / both都dōunot不bùto know知道zhī dào).

Watch out

The question word here is the indefinite "any," not a real question — no question mark.
24.3
A + 是 + B + 的 + Number + 倍 — "N times as much"

** (two, three etc) -fold倍bèi** counts multiples — "A to be / is是shì B (modifier / structural particle)的de N (two, three etc) -fold倍bèi" = "A is N times B." Watch the maths: N(two, three etc) -fold倍bèi is the total, ×N — triple三倍sān bèi is "three times (as much)," not "three times more."

Structure: A + 是 + B + 的 + Number + 倍

his他tānow现在xiàn zài的desalary工资gōng zīis是shìtwo years ago两年前liǎng nián qián的dethree times三倍sān bèi。

His salary is now three times what it was two years ago.

this这个zhè gecity's城市chéng shì的depopulation人口rén kǒuis是shìthat one's那个nà ge的detwice两倍liǎng bèi。

This city's population is twice that one's.

** Remember:** N(two, three etc) -fold倍bèi = the TOTAL (×N), not "N times more." triple三倍sān bèi = 3×, twice as much两倍liǎng bèi = 2× (twice). The to be / is是shì … (modifier / structural particle)的de frame brackets the two things compared.

Watch out

to raise增加zēng jiā(completed / change)了letriple三倍sān bèi ("increased threefold") is read ambiguously in real life — be careful with it in maths contexts.
24.4
一点 + 也 / 都 + 不 … — "not … at all"

** a bit一点yì diǎn + also也yě / all / both都dōu + not不bù / not / haven't没méi** is the emphatic, absolute negative — "not (even) … at all, not one bit."

Structure: Subject + 一点 + 也 / 都 + 不 / 没 + Adjective / Verb

you你nǐat all一点yì diǎn也yěnot不bùfat胖pàng。

You're not fat at all.

I我wǒat all一点yì diǎn都dōudidn't没méiunderstand听懂tīng dǒng。

I didn't understand a single bit.

** Remember:** it's the also也yě / all / both都dōu sitting between a bit一点yì diǎn and not不bù / not / haven't没méi that makes it absolute — "not even the smallest bit." A bare a bit一点yì diǎnnot不bù / a bit一点yì diǎnnot / haven't没méi (no also也yě/all / both都dōu) is noticeably weaker.

Watch out

Keep all the pieces: a bit一点yì diǎn + also也yě/all / both都dōu + not不bù/not / haven't没méi — drop the also也yě/all / both都dōu and the "at all" force fades.
24.5
不知道 … 好 — "not sure what's best"

End a clause with good好hǎo after not不bùto know知道zhī dào and you get "(I) don't know what would be best" — that stuck, can't-decide feeling. It's often only then / not until才cáigood好hǎo.

Structure: Subject + 不知道 + Question Phrase + (才) 好

I我wǒreally真的zhēn dedon't know不知道bù zhī dàowhat to do怎么办zěn me bàn才cáibest好hǎo。

I really don't know what would be best to do.

not sure不知道bù zhī dàoto give送sòngwhat什么shén megift礼物lǐ wùbest好hǎo。

Not sure what gift would be best.

** Remember:** the trailing good好hǎo = "…would be best" — not不bùto know知道zhī dàowhat's to be done怎么办zěn me bànonly then / not until才cáigood好hǎo ("don't know what on earth to do for the best"). The only then / not until才cái sharpens the dilemma.

Watch out

The good好hǎo sits at the very end, after the question phrase — it's "what's best," not "good."
24.6
对 … 来说 / 一般来说 — "for …, generally speaking"

to / towards / correct对duì + person + 来说lái shuō means "for / as far as someone is concerned"; generally speaking一般来说yì bān lái shuō means "generally speaking." Both open a sentence to frame the viewpoint that follows.

構文gòu wén： 对 + Person + 来说，…… · 一般来说，……

for对duìme我wǒas far as concerned来说lái shuōhealth，健康jiàn kāngthe most最zuìimportant重要zhòng yào。

For me, health matters most.

generally speaking一般来说yì bān lái shuōprivate schools，私立学校sī lì xué xiào都dōufairly比较bǐ jiàoexpensive贵guì。

Generally speaking, private schools are fairly pricey.

** Remember:** to / towards / correct对duìX来说lái shuō = "from X's angle"; generally speaking一般来说yì bān lái shuō = "as a rule." Both are sentence-openers that set the frame. A cousin: to hold拿ná…来说lái shuō = "take … as an example."

Watch out

It's to / towards / correct对duì…来说lái shuō, not to / towards / correct对duì…variant of 说说shuō — the to come来lái is part of the fixed frame.