補語

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20 補語
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20.1
动词 + 起来 — "up; gather; start to"

The complement (after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái does three everyday jobs. Literally "up" (station站zhàn(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái "stand up"); figuratively "gather / put away" (to receive收shōu(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái "tidy away," to exist存cún(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái "save up," storehouse藏cáng(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái "hide"); and "start to" (唱起来chàng qǐ lái "burst into song"). The "gather" sense loves a (把: marks the object)把bǎ sentence.

構文gòu wén： Verb + 起来 · 把 + Object + Verb + 起来

把bǎyour你nǐ的detoys玩具wán jùall都dōuput收shōuaway起来qǐ lái。

Put all your toys away.

everyone大家dà jiāstart唱chàngsinging起来qǐ láistart，跳tiàodancing起来qǐ lái！

Everyone, start singing and dancing!

Remember: picture (after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái as "up and into action": literal up (station站zhàn(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái), gather up and stow away (to receive收shōu(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái, storehouse藏cáng(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái), and kick off an action (唱起来chàng qǐ lái, want / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái "it comes up to mind = recall"). The gather sense pairs with (把: marks the object)把bǎ.

Watch out

want / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái ("recall") vs want / think / miss想xiǎng(after a verb, indicates…出来chū lái ("think up") — the complement changes the meaning; don't swap them.
20.2
動詞 + 来 / 去 — 方向補語

Add to come来lái ("towards me") or to go去qù ("away from me") to show which way the action moves relative to the speaker. They fuse into compounds — to come in进来jìn lái, to go out出去chū qù, see 过来过来guò lái, to return回去huí qù.

構文gòu wén： Verb + 来 / 去 · Verb + compound

I'm我wǒ在zàiupstairs楼上lóu shàngyou，你nǐcome up上来shàng lái。

personal私sīはupper layer上層shàng céngrank or step階jiēにいる—(bound form) up上shàngがってこい。

may可以kě yǐbring带dàifriends朋友péng youover过来guò lái吗ma？

Can I bring some friends over?

Remember: to come来lái = toward me, to go去qù = away from me (to come in进来jìn lái "come in" / to go in进去jìn qù "go in"). The trap: a place object slots between the verb and to come来lái / to go去qù — variant of 回回huíUnited States美国měi guóto go去qù / variant of 回回huíUnited States美国měi guó, never to return回去huí qùUnited States美国měi guó.

Watch out

That place-in-the-middle rule is the classic slip: to return home回家huí jiāto come来lái ✓, to return回来huí láihome家jiā ✗.
20.3
动词 / 形容词 + 起来 — "start to / seems"

A second life for (after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái. After an adjective, it marks a quality beginning to set in — "starts to get …." After a perception verb, it means "(seems) … when you do it" — seemingly看起来kàn qǐ lái ("looks"), to listen to听tīng(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái ("sounds"), variant of 吃吃chī(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái ("tastes").

構文gòu wén： Adjective + 起来 + 了 · Perception verb + 起来 + Adjective

the weather天气tiān qìhot热règetting起来qǐ lái了le。

The weather's starting to get hot.

he他tālooks看kàn起来qǐ láivery很hěnfriendly友好yǒu hǎo。

He looks very friendly.

Remember: Adj + (after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái = a change CATCHING (to warm up热rè(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái(completed / change)了le "turning hot"); to see看kàn/to listen to听tīng/variant of 吃吃chī + (after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái = "looks/sounds/tastes." The first catches more and more越来越yuè lái yuè right at the moment it starts; the second is the sense-verb frame.

Watch out

Adj + (after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái marks the onset, so it usually closes with (completed / change)了le ("starting to…now").
20.4
动词 + 得 / 不 + 结果 — 可能補語

Slot (degree marker)得de ("can") or not不bù ("can't") between a verb and its result to say whether that result is achievable. They're built from result complements (to understand懂dǒng, to finish完wán, to / arrive到dào, to appear见jiàn, clear清楚qīng chǔ). The object can follow the complement or be fronted.

Structure: Verb + 得 / 不 + Complement

you你nǐhear听tīngcan得deunderstand懂dǒngShanghainese上海话Shàng hǎi huà吗ma？

Shanghai municipality…上海shàng hǎitopolect方言fāng yánがto comprehend理解lǐ jiěできますか？

this kind of这种zhè zhǒngphone手机shǒu jīnow现在xiàn zàibuy买mǎican't不bùget到dào了le。

このkind種類zhǒng lèiのtelephone電話diàn huàはもうhand手shǒuにto enter入rùらない。

Remember: (degree marker)得de = can, not不bù = can't, wedged into the verb (to understand (by hearing)听得懂tīng de dǒng / unable to make sense of…听不懂tīng bù dǒng, to make做zuò(degree marker)得deto finish完wán / to make做zuònot不bùto finish完wán). It asks whether you can reach the result — different from can / be able to能néng ("be allowed / have the chance").

Watch out

Negate with the not不bù form, not cannot不能bù néng + verb: unable to make sense of…看不懂kàn bù dǒng ✓ (more natural than not不bù能看懂néng kàn dǒng).