動詞句

• 14 動詞句

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  14.1

  并 + 动词 — "and (also)"

  Between two verb phrases, variant of 并并bìng links them as "and, and also." It's picky: it joins verbs or clauses (never nouns — that's and / with和hé's job), usually two-syllable verbs, with a considered, written ring.

  Structure: Verb Phrase 1 + 并 + Verb Phrase 2

  I我wǒagree with同意tóng yìand并bìngsupport支持zhī chíyour你nǐ的dedecision决定jué dìng。

  I agree with and support your decision.

  the meeting会议huì yìdiscussed讨论tǎo lùnand并bìngapproved通过tōng guò了lethe plan计划jì huà。

  The meeting discussed and approved the plan.

  Remember: variant of 并并bìng joins verbs/clauses, and / with和hé joins nouns. "Discussed variant of 并并bìng approved" (verbs) ✓; "tea and / with和hé coffee" (nouns) ✓. variant of 并并bìng is the formal "and" for actions.

  Watch out

  • Don't use variant of 并并bìng between nouns — tea茶chávariant of 并并bìngcoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi ✗.

  14.2

  少 + 动词 — "do … less"

  young少shǎo before a verb means do less of it — the staple of advice and gentle scolding. The bit that flips for English speakers: young少shǎo comes before the verb, where English puts "less" after.

  Structure: 少 + Verb (+ Object)

  please请qǐngless少shǎoadd放fànga bit of点diǎnsalt盐yán。

  Use a bit less salt, please.

  less少shǎotalk说shuōnonsense废话fèi huà！

  Quit the babbling!

  Remember: young少shǎo / many多duō go BEFORE the verb — young少shǎo喝水hē shuǐ ("drink less water"), the reverse of English order. It softens a blunt "don't": Mind your own business!少管闲事shǎo guǎn xián shì ("mind your own business," lit. "meddle less").

  Watch out

  • Never 喝少水hē shǎo shuǐ — the amount-word leads: young少shǎo喝水hē shuǐ, many多duōto have a meal吃饭chī fàn.

  14.3

  多 + 动词 — "do … more"

  many多duō before a verb means do more of it. Like its twin young少shǎo, it sits before the verb — exactly where English puts "more" after ("eat more" → many多duōvariant of 吃吃chī).

  Structure: 多 + Verb (+ Object)

  more多duōeat吃chīa bit点diǎn。

  Eat a bit more.

  grandpa爷爷yé yeyou，你nǐshould要yàomore多duōgo out出去chū qùfor walks走走zǒu zou。

  Grandpa, you should go out for walks more.

  Remember: "eat more" flips to "more-eat" (many多duōvariant of 吃吃chī). many多duō and young少shǎo both lead the verb — that front position is the whole trick, and it's the opposite of English.

  Watch out

  • it它tāto be / is是shì「young少shǎo」(modifier / structural particle)的deto correspond (to)对应duì yìngword词cí——both sides两者liǎng zhěall / both都dōuto be / is是shìday-to-day日常rì chángto propose建议jiàn yìchoice of words用语yòng yǔ（多喝水duō hē shuǐ，young少shǎoto stay up late or all night熬夜áo yè）。

  14.4

  由 + Person + 动词 — 命名执行者

  to follow由yóuto emphasize (a statement)强调qiáng diàomovement动作dòng zuò(modifier / structural particle)的deresponsible person责任人zé rèn rén——idea意yìfor为wèi“（to follow由yóu）Xto go去qùto make做zuò，to follow由yóuXto be responsible for负责fù zé”。in common usage常用cháng yòng(of time or place) in于yúformal正式zhèng shìand及jícommercial affairs商务shāng wùsituation场合chǎng hé。

  Structure: Topic + 由 + Person + Verb

  this这zhè件jiànmatter事shì由yóume我wǒis handled by负责fù zé。

  这件zhè jiànmain content事由shì yóuI / me我wǒto be responsible for负责fù zé。

  this这个zhè geproject项目xiàng mùby由yóuXiao Li小李Xiǎo Lǐ来láito be done完成wán chéng。

  this这个zhè geitem项目xiàng mùto follow由yóusmall小xiǎoplum李lǐto complete完成wán chéng。

  to remember记住jì zhù： to follow由yóu X = “to follow由yóuXto come来láito handle处理chǔ lǐ/to be responsible for负责fù zé”。 it它tāto appoint指定zhǐ dìng(completed / change)了le执行者zhí xíng zhěmaybe或huòresponsibility责任zé rènto belong to归属guī shǔ——this这zhèmain content事由shì yóuI / me我wǒto be responsible for负责fù zé（“我来wǒ láito handle处理chǔ lǐ”），to follow由yóuyou你nǐsee 作主做主zuò zhǔ（“you你nǐto have the final say说了算shuō le suàn”）。tone语气yǔ qìcomparatively较为jiào wéiformal正式zhèng shì。

  Watch out

  • don't不要bú yàoto desire将jiānghis其qíand / with与yǔpassive被动bèi dòngsentence句jùto hit (the mark)中zhōng(modifier / structural particle)的de「(passive: by)被bèi」to obscure混淆hùn xiáo——「to follow由yóu」to express / indicate表示biǎo shìresponsibility责任zé rèn，and / but而érto not be非fēi“to suffer遭受zāo shòu”。

  14.5

  并且 — “而且，并且也”

  moreover并且bìng qiěto link连接lián jiēverb动词dòng cíphrase (grammar)短语duǎn yǔmaybe或huòclause (grammar)分句fēn jù——idea意yìfor为wèi“and / with和hé，moreover而且ér qiě”。alone单独dān dúto use使用shǐ yòng时仅shí jǐnto express / indicate表示biǎo shì“and / with和hé”（similar类似lèi sì“variant of 并并bìng”）；plus加上jiā shàng「also也yě」maybe或huò「still / also还hái」时则shí zéto express / indicate表示biǎo shì“moreover而且ér qiě”，to desire将jiāngfront前qián一个yí gèidea意思yì sito go a step further进一步jìn yí bùgradual progress递进dì jìn。

  構文gòu wén： VP1 + 并且 + VP2 · VP1 + 并且 + 也 / 还 + VP2

  this这个zhè gemethod方法fāng fǎsimple简单jiǎn dānand also，并且bìng qiěeffective有效yǒu xiào。

  this这个zhè gemethod方法fāng fǎalready既jìsimple简单jiǎn dān，again又yòueffective有效yǒu xiào。

  I我wǒtold通知tōng zhī了leeveryone所有人suǒ yǒu rénmoreover，并且bìng qiěalso还háiprepared准备zhǔn bèi了lethe materials材料cái liào。

  I / me我wǒto tell告诉gào sù(completed / change)了leeveryone大家dà jiā，moreover而且ér qiěstill / also还háipreparation准备zhǔn bèi(completed / change)了le(raw) material材料cái liào。

  to remember记住jì zhù： moreover并且bìng qiě = “moreover而且ér qiě（furthermore还有hái yǒumore更gèngmany多duō）”。 matching配合pèi hé「also也yě」/「still / also还hái」to use使用shǐ yòngto express / indicate表示biǎo shìgradual progress递进dì jìn（“moreover而且ér qiě，apart from this除此之外chú cǐ zhī wàifurthermore还有hái yǒu”）。it它tāto be / is是shì「moreover而且ér qiě」更具gèng jùwritten language书面语shū miàn yǔtint色彩sè cǎi(modifier / structural particle)的devariant变体biàn tǐ。

  Watch out

  • at / in在zài「moreover并且bìng qiě…also也yě/still / also还hái」(modifier / structural particle)的degradual progress递进dì jìnstructure结构jié gòuto hit (the mark)中zhōng，cannot不能bù néngto cut缩减suō jiǎnfor为wèisimple单纯dān chún(modifier / structural particle)的de「variant of 并并bìng」。

  14.6

  从来 + 不 / 没 — “从不，从未”

  always从来cóng láito pair up搭配dā pèi否定词fǒu dìng cíto express / indicate表示biǎo shì“never从不cóng bù”——and且qiě否定词fǒu dìng cí(modifier / structural particle)的deto select选择xuǎn zédegree / adjective linker很hěncrucial point关键guān jiàn。「always从来cóng lái + not不bù」= “never从不cóng bù（one's conduct作为zuò wéihabit习惯xí guànmaybe或huòcode of conduct常规cháng guī）”；「always从来cóng lái + not / haven't没méi(to have / there is有yǒu) + verb动词dòng cí + (experienced)过guo」= “all one's life一生yī shēngnever从未cóng wèi（做过zuò guòsomething某事mǒu shì）”。colloquial speech口语kǒu yǔto hit (the mark)中zhōngboth sides两者liǎng zhěequal均jūnused in 可汗可kěabbreviation缩写suō xiěfor为wèi「from从cóng」。

  構文gòu wén： Subject + 从来 + 不 + VP · Subject + 从来 + 没(有) + Verb + 过

  she她tānever从来cóng lái不bùdrinks喝酒hē jiǔ。

  she / her她tānever从不cóng bùto drink (alcohol)喝酒hē jiǔ。

  she她tānever从来cóng láihas没méimet见jiàn过guoher她tāmother妈妈mā ma。

  she / her她tā从未见过cóng wèi jiàn guòshe / her她tā(modifier / structural particle)的demother母亲mǔ qīn。

  to remember记住jì zhù： never从来不cóng lái bù = “never从不cóng bù（habit习惯xí guàn/rule (e.g. of science)规律guī lǜ）”；always从来cóng láinot / haven't没méi…(experienced)过guo = “never从未cóng wèi（experience经验jīng yàn(bound form) up上shàng）”，to have as a feature or…带有dài yǒuwatch (timepiece)表biǎoexperience经历jīng lì(modifier / structural particle)的de「(experienced)过guo」。habit习惯xí guàn → to use / with用yòng「not不bù」；life (one's time on earth)人生rén shēngexperience经历jīng lì → to use / with用yòng「not / haven't没méi…(experienced)过guo」。both sides两者liǎng zhěequal均jūnused in 可汗可kěabbreviation缩写suō xiěfor为wèi「never从不cóng bù」/「never (in the past)从没cóng méi」。

  Watch out

  • at / in在zàiwatch (timepiece)表biǎoexperience经历jīng lì(modifier / structural particle)的deversion版本bǎn běnto hit (the mark)中zhōngcannot不可bù kěto leave out省略shěng lüè「(experienced)过guo」：always从来cóng láinot / haven't没méito appear见jiàn(experienced)过guo ✓，cannot不能bù néngvariant of 说说shuō always从来cóng láinot / haven't没méito appear见jiàn。

  14.7

  值得 + 动词 — “值得……做”

  to be worth值得zhí deto express / indicate表示biǎo shì某个mǒu gèmovement动作dòng zuòto be / is是shìto be worth值得zhí deto make做zuò(modifier / structural particle)的de——后接hòu jiēverb动词dòng cí。to take note of注意zhù yìto differentiate区分qū fēnmoney金钱jīn qiánvalue价值jià zhí：「to be worth值得zhí de」to pay attention to关注guān zhù(modifier / structural particle)的deto be / is是shìto make做zuòsomething某事mǒu shìwhether (or not)是否shì fǒuto have / there is有yǒusense意义yì yì/(in) return回报huí bào；若指ruò zhǐmoney金钱jīn qiánvalue价值jià zhí，to answer应yīngdirect (opposite: indirect…直接zhí jiēto use / with用yòng「value值zhí」。

  Structure: (Subject +) 值得 + Verb

  this这个zhè geidea想法xiǎng fǎworth值得zhí deconsidering考虑kǎo lǜ。

  this这个zhè geway of thinking想法xiǎng fǎto be worth值得zhí deto think over考虑kǎo lǜ。

  this这zhè本běnbook书shūwell很hěnworth值得zhí dea read一看yí kàn。

  this这zhè本书běn shūvery非常fēi chángto be worth值得zhí de一读yī dú。

  ** remember：** to be worth值得zhí de = worth DOING (an action); value值zhí = worth MONEY. 值得一看zhí de yī kàn（「to appear見jiànるJapanese variant of 价価sìvariant of 值値zhíがある」）、to be worth值得zhí deto learn学习xué xí（「to learn学xuéぶJapanese variant of 价価sìvariant of 值値zhíがある」）— but this这个zhè gevalue值zhí一百块yì bǎi kuài（「これは100元分yuán fēnだ」）。

  Watch out

  • 「to be worth值得zhí de」后接hòu jiēverb动词dòng cí，不接bù jiēprice价格jià gé——to involve涉及shè jíprice价格jià gé时用shí yòng「value值zhí」。

  14.8

  动词 + 到 + Time — “（做）直到”

  to / arrive到dàoto place in置于zhì yúverb动词dòng cíback后hòu，to add加jiā(concept of) time时间shí jiānmaybe或huòevent事件shì jiàn，equivalent to相当于xiāng dāng yú“until直到zhí dào”。always常chángmatching配合pèi hé「all along一直yì zhí」to use以yǐto emphasize (a statement)强调qiáng diàomovement动作dòng zuò(modifier / structural particle)的decontinuity连续性lián xù xìng。structure结构jié gòu(bound form) up上shàng(modifier / structural particle)的de关键点guān jiàn diǎn：at or in the very same...当dāngverb动词dòng cíband带dàiobject (grammar)宾语bīn yǔo'clock时shí，to require需xūvariant of 重复重复chóng fùshould该gāiverb动词dòng cí。

  構文gòu wén： (一直 +) Verb + 到 + Time / Event · Verb + Obj + Verb + 到 + Time

  we我们wǒ menat在zàithe bar酒吧jiǔ bāright一直yì zhíchatted聊liáountil到dàomidnight半夜bàn yè。

  we / us我们wǒ menat / in在zàibar酒吧jiǔ bā聊到liáo dào(completed / change)了lemidnight半夜bàn yè。

  she她tādid写xiěhomework作业zuò yèuntil写xiě到dào12:30十二点半shí èr diǎn bàn。

  She did homework until 12:30.

  to remember记住jì zhù： band带dàiobject (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ时需shí xūvariant of 重复重复chóng fùverb动词dòng cí： to write写xiěschool assignment作业zuò yèto write写xiěto / arrive到dào十二点shí èr diǎn（做作业zuò zuò yè-to make做zuò-to / arrive到dào12point点diǎn）。direct (opposite: indirect…直接zhí jiēvariant of 说说shuō to write写xiěschool assignment作业zuò yèto / arrive到dào…to be / is是shìmistaken错误cuò wù(modifier / structural particle)的de。「all along一直yì zhí…to / arrive到dào」(literary) (conjunction…则zéto emphasize (a statement)强调qiáng diàomovement动作dòng zuòto continue持续chí xùto / arrive到dào(completed / change)了lethat那个nà ge(concept of) time时间shí jiānpoint点diǎn。

  Watch out

  • variant of 重复重复chóng fùverb动词dòng cí(modifier / structural particle)的derule规则guī zéeasy容易róng yìto make a mistake出错chū cuò——to / towards / correct对duìobject (grammar)宾语bīn yǔvariant of 说说shuōfirst一次yī cìverb动词dòng cí，to / towards / correct对duì「to / arrive到dào + (concept of) time时间shí jiān」to say again再说zài shuōfirst一次yī cìverb动词dòng cí。

  14.9

  害得 — “导致（麻烦），使（糟糕）”

  to do harm to害hài(degree marker)得de（maybe或huòto use (sth) on its own单用dān yòng「to do harm to害hài」）to desire将jiāngnegative负面fù miànoutcome结果jié guǒ归咎于guī jiù yúsome某mǒuthing事物shì wù——idea意yìfor为wèi“（it它tā）to lead to导致dǎo zhì/to make使shǐI / me我wǒto meet with遭遇zāo yù(completed / change)了le（no good不好bù hǎo(modifier / structural particle)的dematter事shì）”。from beginning to end始终shǐ zhōngto have as a feature or…带有dài yǒuto complain抱怨bào yuàntone语气yǔ qì，and且qiěcause原因yuán yīnto be located at位于wèi yú「to do harm to害hài(degree marker)得de」before之前zhī qián。

  Structure: Reason ，害(得) + Undesirable Situation

  in the afternoon下午xià wǔdrank喝hē了letwo两liǎng杯bēicoffees咖啡kā fēiwhich kept，害得hài deme我wǒat night晚上wǎn shangfrom sleeping睡不着shuì bu zháo。

  I / me我wǒto shout喝hē(completed / change)了le两杯liǎng bēicoffee (loanword)咖啡kā fēi，to lead to导致dǎo zhìI / me我wǒevening晚上wǎn shàng睡不着shuì bù zheto feel觉jué。

  you你nǐmade害得hài deus我们wǒ menall都dōulate迟到chí dào了le。

  you你nǐ(把: marks the object)把bǎwe / us我们wǒ menall / both都dōuto / for / give给gěivariant of 弄弄nòngto arrive late迟到chí dào(completed / change)了le。

  to remember记住jì zhù： to do harm to害hài = “damage害处hài chù”，so / therefore所以suǒ yǐ「to do harm to害hài(degree marker)得de」always总是zǒng shìto express / indicate表示biǎo shìto put the blame on归咎guī jiù——“……（令人烦恼lìng rén fán nǎo(adverb -ly)地de）to make使shǐI / me我wǒ……”。barely仅jǐnto use in用于yòng yúnegative负面fù miànoutcome结果jié guǒ；「(degree marker)得de」used in 可汗可kěto leave out省略shěng lüè（to do harm to害hàiI / me我wǒto arrive late迟到chí dào(completed / change)了le）。

  Watch out

  • by no means切勿qiè wùto use in用于yòng yúfront正面zhèng miànoutcome结果jié guǒ——to seem若ruòwant / will / need要yàoto express表达biǎo dáneutral中性zhōng xìng(modifier / structural particle)的de“to let / make让ràng/to make使shǐ”，to ask请qǐngto use / with用yòng「to let / make让ràng」maybe或huò「to make使shǐ」。

  14.10

  离合词 — 可分离（动宾）词

  many许多xǔ duōto look as if看似kàn shì“verb动词dòng cí”(modifier / structural particle)的deword词cíin fact实际上shí jì shàngto be / is是shìto hide隐藏yǐn cáng(modifier / structural particle)的deverb动词dòng cí+object (grammar)宾语bīn yǔto assemble组合zǔ hé——to meet见面jiàn miàn（“to meet见面jiàn miàn”=to see看见kàn jiàn+flour面miàn），to go to bed睡觉shuì jiào（“to go to bed睡觉shuì jiào”=to sleep睡shuì+to feel觉jué），to help帮忙bāng máng（“to help帮忙bāng máng”=to help帮bāng+busy忙máng），to marry结婚jié hūn（“to marry结婚jié hūn”=knot结jié+to marry婚hūn）。other其他qí tāword (general term…词语cí yǔcan / may可以kě yǐto insert插入chā rùthis这zhètwo两liǎngpart部分bù fèn(after a noun) between之间zhī jiān，but但dàncannot不能bù néngat / in在zàiwhole整个zhěng gèword词cíafter之后zhī hòuagain / then再zàito add添加tiān jiāother另lìng一个yí gèobject (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ。

  Structure: Verb + (insert) + Object

  we我们wǒ menhave met见jiàn过guo面miàn。

  we / us我们wǒ menbefore以前yǐ qián见过面jiàn guò miàn。

  he他tādid帮bāng了leme我wǒa一个yí gefavour忙máng。

  he / him他tāto help帮bāngI / me我wǒ一个yí gèbusy忙máng。

  to remember记住jì zhù： clutch (in car gearbox)离合lí hé词是cí shìverb动词dòng círather than...与其yǔ qíitself自身zì shēnobject (grammar)宾语bīn yǔto combine结合jié héat / in在zàiin the same place一起yì qǐ（to appear见jiàn+flour面miàn）。to insert插入chā rùcomposition成分chéng fèn（(completed / change)了le / (experienced)过guo / amount数量shù liàngphrase (grammar)短语duǎn yǔ）to have to必须bì xū放在fàng zàitwo两liǎngpart部分bù fèn(after a noun) between之间zhī jiān——to sleep睡shuì(completed / change)了leone / a一yīto feel觉jué，结过婚jié guò hūn——and且qiěcannot不能bù néngat / in在zàisuffix词尾cí wěiadditional附加fù jiānew新xīnobject (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ：with / and跟gēnyou你nǐto meet见面jiàn miàn ✓，in no way绝不jué bùused in 可汗可kěvariant of 说说shuō to meet见面jiàn miànyou你nǐ。

  Watch out

  • this这zhèto be / is是shìmost最zuìmodel典型diǎn xíng(modifier / structural particle)的demistaken错误cuò wù：I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngto meet见面jiàn miànyou你nǐ ✗ → I / me我wǒwant / think / miss想xiǎngwith / and跟gēnyou你nǐto meet见面jiàn miàn ✓。“object (grammar)宾语bīn yǔ”position位置wèi zhìalready已yǐ(passive: by)被bèi「flour面miàn」to occupy占据zhàn jù。

  14.11

  动词 + 着 + 动词 + 着 + 就 … — “一边……，突然……”

  Verb + (ongoing -ing)着zhedouble双重shuāng chóngto superimpose叠加dié jiāto use以yǐto set设定shè dìngto continue持续chí xù(modifier / structural particle)的debackground背景bèi jǐngmovement动作dòng zuò；soon after随后suí hòuto use / with用yòng「then / just就jiù」to extract引出yǐn chūdown下xià一个yí gèevent事件shì jiàn——idea意yìfor为wèi“straight正zhèngto make做zuò(ongoing -ing)着zhe……(and …? / softener)呢ne，……（suddenly突然tū rán）to happen发生fā shēng(completed / change)了le”。this kind of这种zhè zhǒngstructure结构jié gòu捕捉到bǔ zhuō dàomovement动作dòng zuòto carry out进行jìn xíngcourse of events过程guò chéngto hit (the mark)中zhōngquietly悄然qiǎo ránto appear出现chū xiàn(modifier / structural particle)的deshift in the trend of events转折zhuǎn zhé，usually往往wǎng wǎngto be / is是shìat / in在zàinot yet未wèito sense察觉chá jué(modifier / structural particle)的decircumstances情况qíng kuàngdown下xiàto happen发生fā shēng(modifier / structural particle)的de。

  Structure: Verb + 着 + Verb + 着 + 就 + Result + 了

  walking走zǒu着zhewalking走zǒu着zhethen，就jiùgot home到家dào jiā了le。

  to walk走zǒu(ongoing -ing)着zheto walk走zǒu(ongoing -ing)着zhe，unconsciously不知不觉bù zhī bù juéthen / just就jiùto / arrive到dàohome家jiā(completed / change)了le。

  she她tātalking说shuō着zhetalking说shuō着zhesuddenly，就jiùcried哭kū了le。

  variant of 说说shuō(ongoing -ing)着zhevariant of 说说shuō(ongoing -ing)着zhe，she / her她tāthen / just就jiùsuddenly突然tū ránto cry哭kū(completed / change)了le(after a verb) indicating…起来qǐ lái。

  to remember记住jì zhù： V(ongoing -ing)着zheV(ongoing -ing)着zhethen / just就jiù… = “I / me我wǒstraight正zhèngto make做zuò(ongoing -ing)着zhe……(and …? / softener)呢ne，unconsciously不知不觉bù zhī bù juéto hit (the mark)中zhōng……！” double双重shuāng chóng「(ongoing -ing)着zhe」to keep保持bǎo chímovement动作dòng zuòto continue持续chí xù；「then / just就jiù + (completed / change)了le」to extract引出yǐn chūat / in在zàimovement动作dòng zuòto carry out进行jìn xíngto hit (the mark)中zhōngquietly悄然qiǎo ránto appear出现chū xiàn(modifier / structural particle)的denew新xīncondition状况zhuàng kuàng（to walk走zǒu(ongoing -ing)着zheto walk走zǒu(ongoing -ing)着zhethen / just就jiùto / arrive到dào(completed / change)了le）。

  Watch out

  • 两个liǎng gè「(ongoing -ing)着zhe」verb动词dòng cíto have to必须bì xūto be / is是shì同一个tóng yī gèto continue持续chí xùmovement动作dòng zuò；「then / just就jiù」to draw into引入yǐn rùhereby由此yóu cǐto give rise to衍生yǎn shēngvariant of 出 (classifier…出chū(modifier / structural particle)的denew新xīncircumstances情况qíng kuàng。

すべてのトピック · HSK 4文法