動詞

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12 動詞
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12.1
让 / 叫 / 请 / 使 — 人に何かをさせる

これらのto use (an animal or…使役shǐ yìverb動詞dòng cíは、verb動詞dòng cíとそのoutcome結果jié guǒのgap間jiānにperson人rénを(bound form) to clasp under…挟xiéみ(Japanese kokuji) to be…込yūみます——「make / let / ask / cause someone to ….」。トーンto leave別biéにto appear見jiànると：to let / make让ràng（day-to-day日常rì cháng「make / let」）、variant of 叫叫jiào（colloquial speech口語kǒu yǔ「tell」）、to ask请qǐng（variant of 叮咛丁寧dīng níng「ask / invite」）、to make使shǐ（フォーマル「cause」）。HSK 4では、outcome結果jié guǒcomplement (grammar)補語bǔ yǔがverb動詞dòng cíまたはto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíになることもあります。

Structure: Subject + 让 / 叫 / 请 / 使 + Person + Predicate

you你nǐwhy为什么wèi shén menot不bùlet让ràngme我wǒgo去qù？

なぜpersonal私sīをto put放fàngっておかないのか？

this这部zhè bùfilm电影diàn yǐngmakes让ràngpeople人rénvery很hěnmoved感动gǎn dòng。

この映画yìng huàはとてもto move (sb)感動gǎn dòng(modifier / structural particle)的deだった。

his他tā的despeech演讲yǎn jiǎngmade使shǐthe audience听众tīng zhòngvery非常fēi chángexcited激动jī dòng。

that彼bǐのto perform (a play etc)演yǎnvariant of 说説shuōはJapanese variant of 听聴tīngvariant of 众衆zhòngをvery非常fēi chángにexcited興奮xìng fènさせた。

to take note of注意zhù yì： トーンto obey順shùnにand並bìngべto substitute for替tìえた4つのto use (an animal or…使役shǐ yìverb動詞dòng cí：to make使shǐ (formal) → to let / make让ràng (neutral) → variant of 叫叫jiào (casual) → to ask请qǐng (polite)。HSK 4でnew新xīnたにto go on stage登場dēng chǎngするのは、emotion感情gǎn qíngをwatch (timepiece)表biǎoすto describe形容xíng róngword詞cíによるoutcome結果jié guǒcomplement (grammar)補語bǔ yǔです——to let / make让ràngperson人rénto move (sb)感动gǎn dòng（「person人rén々をto move (sb)感動gǎn dòngさせる」）、使人shǐ rénto move emotionally激动jī dòng（「person人rén々をexcited興奮xìng fènさせる」）。

Watch out

to let / make让ràng は「させる」と「してやる」のJapanese variant of 两両liǎngsquare方fāngをカバーし、文脈wén màiで区別qū biéします。
12.2
要看 / 得看 — "it depends on"

(degree marker)得deto see看kàn / want / will / need要yàoto see看kàn はcharacter文字wén zìclassifier for an activity…通tōngり「have to look at」ですが、day-to-day日常rì chángto show表現biǎo xiànでは「it depends on …」をmeaning意味yì wèiします。to depend on sth for…依存yī cúnするessential factor要素yào sùにはregular通常tōng cháng、question疑問yí wènword詞cíがto keep in the mouth含hánまれます。

Structure: 这 / 那 + 要看 / 得看 + Factor

that这zhèdepends on得看děi kànyour你nǐ的deschedule时间shí jiān。

それはあなたのスケジュールorder次第cì dìだ。

whether I go去不去qù bu qùdepends on得看děi kànmy我wǒ的demood心情xīn qíng。

OK / to walk行xíngくかどうかはJapanese variant of 气気qìpart分fēnorder次第cì dìだ。

to take note of注意zhù yì： (degree marker)得deto see看kàn = "(I'll) have to look at…" = "it depends on…"。to decide (to do something)決定jué dìngwant / will / need要yàocause因yīnにはほぼexception例外lì wàiなくquestion疑問yí wènword詞cíがto keep in the mouth含hánまれます：(degree marker)得deto see看kànweather天气tiān qìhow about怎么样zěn me yàng（day天tiānJapanese variant of 气気qìorder次第cì dì）、(degree marker)得deto see看kànhe / him他tā愿不愿意yuàn bù yuàn yì（that彼bǐがやるJapanese variant of 气気qìかどうかなど）。simple and easy簡易jiǎn yì(modifier / structural particle)的deなto finalize (a design etc)定型dìng xíngJapanese variant of 应応yīngto answer答dáとして to see看kàncircumstances情况qíng kuàng（「affair事情shì qíngorder次第cì dì」）があります。

Watch out

この (degree marker)得de は構文gòu wénの (degree marker)得de (de) ではなく、děi（「have to」）です。
12.3
好像 — "it seems, as if"

as if好像hǎo xiàng はto conclude断定duàn dìngをto ease (tension)缓和huǎn héし、impression (sth that stays…印象yìn xiàngにto install置zhìきto exchange換huànえます——「it seems, looks like, as if」。subject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔがあるsituation場合chǎng héは「X seems …」、subject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔがないsituation場合chǎng héは「it seems that …」となります。文末wén mòに seems as if似的shì de（「as if」）とto form組zǔみvariant of 合合héわせることもできます。

Structure: (Subject +) 好像 + Predicate

he他tāseems好像hǎo xiàngto be是shìBritish英国人Yīng guó rén。

that彼bǐはイギリスperson人rénのようだ。

it seems好像hǎo xiànggoing to要yàorain下雨xià yǔ了le。

(literary) to rain雨yǔがto surrender降jiàngりそうだ。

to take note of注意zhù yì： as if好像hǎo xiàng = "seems / as if" —— soft柔róuらかいto push推tuīgauge量表liàng biǎoto appear現xiànで、character文字wén zìclassifier for an activity…通tōngり「much resembles」です。subject (in grammar)主語zhǔ yǔがないsituation場合chǎng hé→「it seems that…」（as if好像hǎo xiàngsomeone有人yǒu rénto knock on a door敲门qiāo mén）。フォーマルなJapanese variant of 对対duì義語yì yǔは it seems似乎sì hū です。to think (i.e. to take it…以为yǐ wéi（outcome結果jié guǒとしてgap間jiānto disobey違wéiったとto distinguish判明pàn míngしたfaith信念xìn niàn）とはto mix up混同hùn tóngしないでください。

Watch out

to conclude断定duàn dìng(modifier / structural particle)的deなlanguage文wénよりもsoft柔róuらかく、complete完全wán quánにはto have confidence in…自信zì xìnがないことを示唆shì suōします。
12.4
…… 在于 …… — "lies in"

to rest with在于zài yú はあるもののessence本質běn zhìやkey (on a piano or computer…鍵jiànとなるpart部分bù fènがどこにあるかをclear-cut明確míng quèにします——「lies in, consists in, is a matter of」。フォーマルでエッセイto harmonize調diàoのverb動詞dòng cíです。

Structure: Topic + 在于 + Key Point

success成功chéng gōnglies in在于zài yúperseverance坚持jiān chí。

success成功chéng gōngはto make an effort努力nǔ lìにこそある。

a gift礼物lǐ wùis about在于zài yúthe thought心意xīn yìnot，不bùabout在于zài yúhow costly贵重guì zhòng。

to give as a present贈zèngりthing物wùというのは、そのJapanese variant of 价価sìvariant of 值値zhíではなく、heart心xīnを(Japanese kokuji) to be…込yūめたことにある。

Remember: to rest with在于zài yú = "the key lies IN…" (at / in在zài "at" + (of time or place) in于yú "in") — points to where the heart of the matter sits. With a person it means "is up to": 去不去qù bù qùto rest with在于zài yúyou你nǐoneself自己zì jǐ ("whether to go is up to you").

Watch out

Formal and written — in speech you'd say main主要zhǔ yàoto be / is是shì or to see看kàn instead.
12.5
以为 — "(mistakenly) think, assume"

Chinese has a dedicated verb for a belief that turned out wrong: to think (i.e. to take it…以为yǐ wéi. Whatever follows to think (i.e. to take it…以为yǐ wéi is the incorrect idea you held — the sentence usually carries a quiet "…but I was wrong."

Structure: Subject + 以为 + (wrong belief)

I我wǒthought以为yǐ wéihe他tāwas是shìGerman德国人Dé guó rén。

I thought he was German (he isn't).

don't别biéthink以为yǐ wéiI我wǒdon't不bùknow知道zhī dào。

Don't think I don't know.

Remember: to think (i.e. to take it…以为yǐ wéi = a belief that proved WRONG ("I thought X… turns out not"). For a belief you simply hold, use to feel / think觉得jué de / want / think / miss想xiǎng. The giveaway opener: I / me我wǒstill / also还háito think (i.e. to take it…以为yǐ wéi… ("I'd assumed (wrongly) that…").

Watch out

Swapping to think (i.e. to take it…以为yǐ wéi for to feel / think觉得jué de changes the meaning — to feel / think觉得jué de makes no claim that you were mistaken.
12.6
通过 — "through; to pass"

to pass through通过tōng guò wears two hats: as a verb, "go through (a place) / pass (an exam)"; as a preposition, "by means of, via."

Structure: 通过 + Place / Exam (verb) · 通过 + Method / Agent ，…… (preposition)

I我wǒpassed通过tōng guò了lethis这个zhè geexam考试kǎo shì。

I passed this exam.

we我们wǒ menthrough通过tōng guòhis他tā的defriend朋友péng youfound找到zhǎo dào了lehim他tā。

We found him through his friend.

Remember: to pass through通过tōng guò = "pass through" — through an exam/place (verb: to pass through通过tōng guòto take an exam考试kǎo shì) or through a method/middleman (preposition: to pass through通过tōng guòfriend朋友péng yǒu "via a friend"). Compare to pass经过jīng guò, which leans on "after a process."

Watch out

As a preposition it sets up a means before the main clause: to pass through通过tōng guòto make an effort努力nǔ lì，he / him他tāsuccess成功chéng gōng(completed / change)了le.
12.7
来自 — "come from"

to come from (a place)来自lái zì is one compact verb for a source or origin — "come / originate from." It's more formal than from从cóng … to come来lái, perfect for introductions, and it stretches to abstract sources too.

Structure: Subject + 来自 + Place / Source

I我wǒcome from来自lái zìChina中国Zhōng guó。

I'm from China.

my我wǒ的dethis这个zhè geidea想法xiǎng fǎcomes from来自lái zìeveryday life生活shēng huó。

This idea of mine comes from everyday life.

Remember: to come from (a place)来自lái zì = "comes from" in one tidy word (to come来lái "come" + (bound form) self自zì "from"). Great for intros (I / me我wǒto come from (a place)来自lái zì…) and abstract origins (inspiration灵感líng gǎnto come from (a place)来自lái zì…, "inspiration comes from…"). Casual version: from从cóng…to come来lái.

Watch out

It takes its source directly, with no from从cóng: to come from (a place)来自lái zìChina中国zhōng guó ✓, not from从cóngto come from (a place)来自lái zìChina中国zhōng guó.
12.8
来 — the "dummy" verb

A bare to come来lái can stand in for a more specific verb — "(let me) do it, your turn, have a go" — when the real action is obvious from context. It's a short phrase ending in to come来lái (sometimes (suggestion)吧ba), usually with I / me我wǒ or you你nǐ.

Structure: (让 +) Subject + 来 (+ 吧)

I我wǒdo it来lái吧ba。

Let me do it.

you你nǐwrite写xiě得denicely好看hǎo kànyou，你nǐdo it来lái吧ba。

You write nicely — you do it.

Remember: this to come来lái does NOT mean "come" — it's a placeholder for the obvious verb, like English "I'll get this." 我来wǒ lái ("I'll do it"), you你nǐto come来lái ("your turn"), to let / make让rànghe / him他tāoneself自己zì jǐto come来lái ("let him have a go").

Watch out

Only use it when the real action is clear from context — otherwise name the verb.