The mole is the unit of amount of substance. The particle count is $N=nL$, where $L=6.02\times10^{23}\ \mathrm{mol^{-1}}$. Thus one mole contains $6.02\times10^{23}$ of the specified entities. Always say whether you count atoms, molecules, ions or formula units. A mole of methane molecules contains five moles of atoms.
Convert mass into moles, compare amounts divided by equation coefficients, and track what is used, formed and left. Changing starting amounts can change the limiting reactant.
Worked isotope mean. For 60% mass-69 and 40% mass-71 gallium, $A_r=(69\times60+71\times40)/100=69.8$. The mean lies between the isotope masses, closer to the more abundant isotope. Molecular-ion peaks can identify $M_r$ when charge is known. With chlorine isotope proportions 3:1, Cl₂ molecular-ion peaks at 70, 72 and 74 have probabilities $9/16$, $6/16$ and $1/16$: the middle combination occurs in two orders.
Compare solid, molten and dissolved NaCl. The same ions can be held at lattice sites or mobile; reversing the field changes their drift, not their charge.
Trace ethene + Br₂ to 1,2-dibromoethane: C=C becomes single, each carbon gains one Br, and all four C–H bonds remain. Scale the 1:1 mole ratio from 0.15 mol ethene.