ניהול תפעולי
IB Diploma Programme · IB Diploma · Business Management · HL נושא 5 7:27 קריאת קול באנגלית · תרגום אנגלי + סינית שרוף בתוך הסרטון
פרקים
תרגום טקסט
In March twenty eleven an earthquake and tsunami hit north-east Japan. Many of Toyota's suppliers stopped work.
2011 年 3 月，日本东北部发生大地震和海啸，丰田的许多供应商停工。
Toyota held very little stock, so within days some of its factories had no parts.
丰田库存很少，几天之内一些工厂就没有零件了。
Toyota did not give up its low-stock system. Instead it built a database of every supplier behind its suppliers.
丰田没有放弃低库存体系，而是建立了一个数据库，记录供应商背后的每一家供应商。
How a business makes things is a set of choices.
企业怎样生产，是一系列选择。
Operations management turns inputs, such as labour, materials, machines and money, into outputs worth more than the inputs.
运营管理把投入，比如劳动力、材料、机器和资金，转化为价值高于投入的产出。
The extra value is value added.
多出来的价值就是附加值。
Operations links to every other part of the business, and it should be sustainable: a workshop that recycles oil and old tyres cuts its costs and its harm.
运营与企业的其他部分都有联系，也应当可持续：回收机油和旧轮胎的修车厂，既降低成本，也减少危害。
There are four operations methods.
生产方法有四种。
Job production makes one item to order, like restoring a classic car: high quality, but a high cost per unit.
单件生产按订单做一件，比如修复一辆老爷车：质量高，但单位成本高。
Batch production makes a group of identical items, then switches, losing time at each switch.
批量生产做一批相同的产品再切换，每次切换都损失时间。
Mass production runs without stopping at the lowest cost, but with little choice.
大规模生产不停地做，成本最低，但选择很少。
Mass customisation gives each customer a choice at flow-line speed, but needs flexible machines and good data.
大规模定制以流水线的速度让每位顾客选择，但需要灵活的机器和良好的数据。
Lean production means using fewer resources and cutting waste.
精益生产就是少用资源、减少浪费。
Kaizen is continuous improvement in many small steps.
持续改善是分很多小步不断改进。
Just-in-time means parts arrive just when needed.
准时制是零件在需要时才到。
A kanban card tells the earlier stage to send more parts.
看板卡片通知上一道工序送来更多零件。
And an andon cord lets any worker stop the line, so faults are fixed at once.
安灯绳让任何工人都能停线，问题当场解决。
Quality means meeting customers' expectations.
质量就是满足顾客的期望。
Quality control checks the finished product and rejects faulty ones, so the work is already wasted.
质量控制检查成品、剔除次品，但工作已经浪费了。
Quality assurance builds quality into every stage, so faults do not happen.
质量保证把质量融入每个环节，让问题不发生。
Quality circles, benchmarking and total quality management all help, and standards such as ISO nine thousand and one build trust.
质量圈、标杆管理和全面质量管理都有帮助，ISO 9001 等标准能建立信任。
A business chooses a location by weighing costs, such as land, rent, wages and transport, the labour available, and nearness to customers and suppliers.
企业选址要权衡成本，比如土地、租金、工资和运输，还有可用的劳动力，以及离顾客和供应商的远近。
Services must be near customers.
服务业必须靠近顾客。
Infrastructure, government rules and taxes, and culture and language matter too.
基础设施、政府法规和税收，以及文化和语言也很重要。
A business can change who does the work and where.
企业可以改变由谁做、在哪里做。
Outsourcing gives a task to another firm, such as running the booking app.
外包把任务交给别的公司，比如运营预约应用；内包把它收回来以便控制。
Insourcing brings it back for control. Offshoring moves work abroad, for lower costs. Reshoring brings it home, often after supply problems.
离岸外包把工作移到国外，降低成本；回流把工作搬回本国，往往是因为海外供应出了问题。
Contribution per unit is the price minus the variable cost: twenty-five minus fifteen is ten.
单位边际贡献等于价格减单位变动成本：二十五减十五等于十。
Each repair adds ten towards the fixed costs.
每次维修为固定成本贡献十。
Twelve thousand five hundred divided by ten gives a break-even output of one thousand two hundred and fifty repairs a month.
一万两千五百除以十，盈亏平衡产量是每月一千二百五十次。
At two thousand repairs the margin of safety is seven hundred and fifty, and profit is seven thousand five hundred.
做两千次时，安全边际是七百五十次，利润是七千五百。
On the chart, total revenue starts at zero and rises by twenty-five a repair.
图上，总收入从零开始，每次维修增加二十五。
Total cost starts at the fixed costs of twelve thousand five hundred and rises by fifteen.
总成本从一万两千五百的固定成本开始，每次增加十五。
The lines cross at one thousand two hundred and fifty repairs.
两条线在一千二百五十次相交。
At two thousand repairs, the gap between them is the profit, and the distance back to break-even is the margin of safety.
在两千次时，两线之间的差距就是利润，回到盈亏平衡点的距离就是安全边际。
A business can work back from a target profit.
企业可以从目标利润倒推。
For a profit of fifteen thousand, it needs twelve thousand five hundred plus fifteen thousand, divided by ten: two thousand seven hundred and fifty repairs.
要赚一万五千，需要（一万两千五百加一万五千）除以十，即两千七百五十次。
For ten thousand at two thousand repairs, the price must be twenty-two thousand five hundred over two thousand, plus fifteen: twenty-six twenty-five.
要在两千次时赚一万，价格必须是两万两千五百除以两千再加十五，即二十六点二五。
Now the price rises to twenty-seven, so contribution is twelve, and rent rises by three thousand.
现在价格涨到二十七，边际贡献变成十二，房租又涨了三千。
Fifteen thousand five hundred over twelve is one thousand two hundred and ninety-two, rounded up.
一万五千五百除以十二，向上取整为一千二百九十二次。
At two thousand repairs profit rises to eight thousand five hundred, but the margin of safety falls to seven hundred and eight.
做两千次时利润升到八千五百，但安全边际降到七百零八。
If the higher price drives customers away, the business is closer to a loss.
如果涨价赶走了顾客，企业离亏损就更近了。
Break-even analysis is quick and easy to show.
盈亏平衡分析简单快捷，便于用图表展示。
But it assumes every unit made is sold, that price and variable cost stay the same at every output, and that fixed costs never change.
但它假设生产的每件都能卖出，价格和单位变动成本在任何产量下都不变，固定成本也从不改变。
In real life, bulk buying lowers variable costs, a bigger output may need a new workshop, and forecasts can be wrong.
现实中，大量采购会降低变动成本，产量扩大可能需要新车间，预测也可能出错。
A supply chain is every step from raw materials to the customer.
供应链是从原材料到顾客的每一步。
With just-in-time, parts arrive only when needed, saving storage and cash, but one late delivery can stop work, as Toyota found.
准时制下，零件在需要时才到，节省仓储和资金，但一次迟到的交货就可能停工，丰田就是这样。
With just-in-case, the business keeps a buffer stock, which protects production but costs more.
以防万一的方式保留缓冲库存，保护生产，但成本更高。
The repair business uses five hundred brake pads a week. A delivery takes two weeks, and it keeps a buffer of two hundred.
修车企业每周用五百块刹车片，交货要两周，保留两百块缓冲库存。
So it reorders at two hundred plus five hundred times two, one thousand two hundred.
所以再订货点是两百加五百乘二，等于一千两百。
It orders two thousand, which arrive just as stock reaches the buffer, taking it back to two thousand two hundred.
每次订两千块，刚好在库存降到缓冲库存时到货，库存回到两千两百。
Managers measure operations with ratios.
管理者用比率衡量运营。
Capacity utilisation is two thousand over two thousand five hundred, eighty per cent.
产能利用率是两千除以两千五百，即百分之八十。
A low rate leaves machines idle, but one near a hundred leaves no room for maintenance.
太低说明机器闲置，接近百分之百则没有维护的空间。
The defect rate is fifty over two thousand, two point five per cent.
缺陷率是五十除以两千，即百分之二点五。
Labour productivity is half a repair an hour, and capital productivity a hundred repairs per lift.
劳动生产率是每小时半次维修，资本生产率是每台举升机一百次。
Should the business buy six thousand brake pads at nine each, or make them?
企业应该以每块九元买六千块刹车片，还是自己做？
Buying costs fifty-four thousand.
购买成本是五万四千。
Making costs twenty thousand to run the machine plus five a pad, fifty thousand.
自制成本是机器运行费两万，加每块五元，共五万。
Making is four thousand cheaper, but the business must also think about quality, skills, and whether six thousand pads a year will last.
自制便宜四千，但企业还要考虑质量、技能，以及每年六千块的需求能否持续。
A crisis is a sudden event that threatens the business.
危机是威胁企业的突发事件。
Good crisis management needs transparency, telling the truth; communication with staff, customers and the media; speed, acting before rumours spread; and control, a clear leader.
良好的危机管理需要透明，说出真相；与员工、顾客和媒体沟通；速度，在谣言传开前行动；控制，有明确的领导者。
A contingency plan, written before, lists the risks and backups, like a second supplier.
事先写好的应急计划列出风险和备选方案，比如第二家供应商。
Research and development creates new products and processes.
研究与开发创造新产品和新流程。
Product innovation is a new product, like servicing electric-car batteries.
产品创新是新产品，比如电动车电池维修。
Process innovation is a new way of delivering it, like booking through an app.
流程创新是新的交付方式，比如通过应用预约。
Positioning gives an old product a new image.
定位创新给老产品新的形象。
And a paradigm change, like ride-hailing apps, changes a whole industry.
范式创新，比如网约车应用，改变整个行业。
A management information system collects data and turns it into information for decisions.
管理信息系统收集数据并把它变成决策所需的信息。
A database holds every customer's repair history; data analytics finds the most profitable repairs.
数据库保存每位顾客的维修记录；数据分析找出最赚钱的维修。
But customers should know what is collected and agree, the data must be kept safe, and close monitoring of workers can harm their motivation.
但顾客应当知道收集了什么并同意，数据必须安全保管，对员工的严密监控会伤害积极性。
Check yourself without notes. Calculate break-even and the margin of safety, find a reorder level, compare the cost to buy with the cost to make, and explain quality assurance against quality control.
不看笔记自测：计算盈亏平衡点和安全边际；求再订货点；比较购买成本和自制成本；解释质量保证与质量控制的区别。