מעמדות חדשים, ערים חדשות
הוצג| English | משמעות |
|---|---|
| middle class/ˈmɪdl klæs/ | מעמד הביניים |
| industrial working class/ɪnˈdʌstrɪəl ˈwɜːkɪŋ klæs/ | מעמד העובדים התעשייתי |
Two classes that did not exist before
- New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed.
- A middle class 中产阶级 lives on salaries, professions and commerce rather than land or wages at a machine.
- An industrial working class 工业工人阶级 sells labour for a wage in a factory — a category that needs a factory to exist.
בחר את כולם המעמדות החברתיים החדשים שמצוינים ב-CED.
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האצולה והכפרנים קיימים מזמן רב לפני ההתעשייה.
Class divided women's lives
- While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families' income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles focused on child development.
- One sentence, two opposite experiences — and the CED makes class the variable that separates them.
- So "what happened to women in the nineteenth century" has no single answer, which is exactly the point.
המשתנה שה-CED משמש כדי להסביר את הניסיון השונה של נשים הוא...
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נשים מעמדת העובדים עבדו במשרות בתשלום; נשים מהמעמד הבינוני הוגבלו increasingly לבית.
Cities grew faster than they could cope
- The rapid urbanisation that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.
- Six named challenges, and they share one cause: growth outrunning the systems built for a smaller city.
- At times is the CED's qualifier — not every city, and not permanently.
מעמד חדש, ניסיון מגדרי או אתגר עירוני?
סדר כל התפתחות בחברה תעשייתית.
סמן את כל אתגרי המטרופולין שה-CED מציין.
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עוני, פשיעה ותשתיות לא מספיקות משלימים את השש.
Class, not gender alone, decided women's experience of industrialisation. The CED's single sentence puts working-class women in wage work and middle-class women increasingly confined to the household — so an answer generalising about "women in the nineteenth century" has erased the variable the CED built the sentence around.
נושא משנה זה מספק את התוכן למבחן הסיום של 5.7, "ל ____".
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המעמד הבינוני נהנה; משפחות מעמדת העובדים שלחו נשים וילדים לעבודת שכר.
This is where "for some" gets its content
- 5.7 said industrial capitalism raised living standards for some; this subtopic is the other side of that qualifier.
- The middle class gained; working-class families sent women and children into wage work to make ends meet.
- Linking the two subtopics is the cheapest way to show you understand the unit rather than the bullet.
סטנדרט חייה יכול לעלות והתנאים בעיר יכולים להחמיר בו זמנית.
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מוצרים זולים ומגוונים יותר וגם זיהום, צפיפות ומחלות — שניהם בו זמנית.
Hierarchies and standards of living
- The objective is how industrialisation caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.
- Hierarchies: new classes appear and old ranks based on land lose relative position.
- Standards of living: consumer goods became cheaper and more various while urban conditions in some places got worse — both at once.
Two women in the same city in 1870. One works twelve hours in a mill because the family's income requires it; the other is expected not to work at all, and her respectability depends on that. The same economy produced both roles, and the thing that separates them is which class the household belongs to.
New social classes developed — the middle class and the industrial working class. Working-class women and children held wage jobs; middle-class women were increasingly limited to household or child-development roles. Rapid urbanisation at times brought pollution, poverty, crime, public health crises, housing shortages and insufficient infrastructure.