Effet de serre
Baccalauréat international · IB Diploma · Physics · HL Sujet 7 4:10 Narration en anglais · Sous-titres anglais + 中文 incrustés
Chapitres
Transcript
One cold day does not disprove a warming climate.
一个寒冷的日子并不能证明气候变暖的说法是错误的。
Weather describes short-term conditions; climate describes distributions over longer times and regions.
天气描述的是短期状况，而气候描述的是更长时期和更大范围内的分布情况。
The Earth energy balance includes incoming solar radiation, reflection, absorption, and outgoing infrared radiation.
地球能量平衡包括入射太阳辐射、反射、吸收和出射红外辐射。
Greenhouse gases absorb and emit infrared radiation.
温室气体吸收并发射红外辐射。
Feedback can alter the response to an initial forcing.
反馈作用可能改变对初始强迫的响应。
Mitigation refers to actions addressing causes of environmental change.
减缓是指应对环境变化成因的行动。
Adaptation refers to actions reducing harm from environmental impacts.
适应是指减轻环境影响危害的行动。
Distinguish mitigation, which addresses drivers, from adaptation, which reduces harm from impacts.
区分缓解，即针对驱动因素的措施，与适应，即减轻影响带来的危害。
A policy assessment needs evidence about effectiveness, cost, equity and uncertainty.
政策评估需要关于有效性、成本、公平性和不确定性的证据。
One criterion is not the entire decision.
单一标准并非全部决策依据。
In the lab: Compare multi-year data using consistent baselines.
在实验室中，使用一致的基线比较多年数据。
State the region, timescale and uncertainty.
说明区域、时间尺度和不确定性。
At HL, connect a management decision to law, economics and ethics rather than treating these lenses as extra definitions only.
在高级水平课程中，将管理决策与法律、经济学和伦理学联系起来，而不是仅将这些视角视为额外的定义。
Known: a surface receives 200 power units and reflects 50.
已知：表面接收200个功率单位，反射50个。
Absorbed input equals incoming minus reflected, which is 200 minus 50, equaling 150.
吸收输入等于入射减去反射，即200减50，等于150。
Reflected fraction equals 50 divided by 200, which is 0.25, or 25 percent.
反射分数等于50除以200，即0.25，或25%。
A change in reflectivity alters the absorbed budget under this model.
在此模型中，反照率的变化会改变吸收预算。
Your turn: Incoming energy is 240 units and reflected energy 72.
轮到你了。 入射能量为 240 单位，反射能量为 72。
Find reflected percentage.
求反射百分比。
Pause the video and work it out.
请暂停视频，自己算一算。
Check: 72 divided by 240 is 30 percent reflected.
核对：72 ÷ 240，反射 30%。
The greenhouse effect is not the same process as ozone depletion.
温室效应与臭氧层耗损并非同一过程。
A carbon footprint estimate depends on its system boundary.
碳足迹估算取决于其系统边界。
Not true: One local weather observation establishes a global climate trend.
不正确。 一次局部天气观测无法确立全球气候趋势。
Weather is a short-term local state; climate is the long-term statistical pattern.
天气是短期的局部状态，而气候是长期的统计规律。
One cold day in one city cannot confirm or refute a global trend built from decades of worldwide records.
一个城市里的一天寒冷天气，既不能证实也不能证伪基于数十年全球记录所构建的全球趋势。
The Earth energy balance includes incoming solar radiation, reflection, absorption, and outgoing infrared radiation.
地球能量平衡包括入射太阳辐射、反射、吸收和出射红外辐射。
Distinguish mitigation, which addresses drivers, from adaptation, which reduces harm from impacts.
区分减缓，即针对驱动因素的措施，与适应，即减轻影响带来的危害。
Watch for the greenhouse effect is not the same process as ozone depletion.
请注意：温室效应与臭氧层耗竭并非同一过程。
Incoming energy is 180 units and reflected energy is 45 units.
入射能量为180单位，反射能量为45单位。
Find the reflected percentage.
求反射百分比。
One local weather observation is not a climate trend.
一次局部天气观测并不构成气候趋势。
The result is a reflected share of 25 percent.
结果是反射比例为25%。
Of 200 units arriving, 50 are reflected, so 150 are absorbed.
到达的200个单位中有50个被反射，因此吸收150个。
The reflected fraction is 50 over 200, which is 25 percent.
反射比例为50除以200，即百分之二十五。
Two fictional surfaces each receive 240 watts per square metre and reflect 60 and 96 watts per square metre.
两个虚构的表面各接收每平方米 240 瓦的辐射，分别反射每平方米 60 瓦和 96 瓦。
Compare the absorbed inputs.
比较二者吸收的能量。
Could this alone predict their equilibrium temperatures?
仅凭这一点能预测它们的平衡温度吗？
The absorbed inputs are 180 and 144 watts per square metre, so the first absorbs 36 more.
两者吸收的能量分别是每平方米 180 瓦和 144 瓦，第一个多吸收 36 瓦。
Emission, transport and other boundary conditions are also needed for equilibrium temperatures; mitigation and adaptation judgements require additional evidence.
要得到平衡温度，还需要辐射、热量输送和其他边界条件；减缓与适应方面的判断也需要更多证据。
Pause and check yourself. Explain each point on screen in your own words, then change one number in the last example and say which assumption must still hold.
暂停一下，自我检查：用自己的话解释屏幕上的每个要点，再改动最后一个例子中的一个数字，说明哪个假设仍然必须成立。