Théoriciens, écoles et leurs thèses
GRE Subject Test · GRE Psychology Sujet 15 4:23 Narration en anglais · Sous-titres anglais + 中文 incrustés
Chapitres
Transcript
Classify an explanation by its proposed mechanism and method.
根据所提出的机制和方法对解释进行分类。
Structuralist analysis of experience differs from functional questions about adaptation.
结构主义对经验的分析与关于适应的功能性问题不同。
Behaviourist accounts study relations among environment and observable action; cognitive accounts use representations and processing.
行为主义研究环境与可观察行为之间的关系。 认知理论使用表征和处理。
Gestalt accounts emphasize organization rather than reducing every percept to isolated sensations.
格式塔强调组织，而非将每一种知觉还原为孤立的感官感觉。
A historical label is useful only when it identifies a claim that could guide evidence collection.
历史标签仅在能识别出可指导证据收集的论断时才有用。
Psychology's laboratories began in the 1870s: Wilhelm Wundt at Leipzig (1879) and William James's Harvard laboratory work.
心理学实验室始于19世纪70年代：莱比锡的威廉·冯特于1879年建立，以及威廉·詹姆斯在哈佛大学的实验室工作。
Wundt's student Titchener carried structuralism, analysing experience into elements by introspection; James's functionalism instead asked what mental processes are for, shaped by evolution.
冯特的学生铁钦纳传承了构造主义，通过内省将经验分析为基本元素。 而詹姆斯的功能主义则关注心理过程的目的及其受进化塑造的方式。
Gestalt psychologists (Wertheimer, Köhler, Koffka) rejected element analysis, arguing that organised wholes precede parts in perception.
格式塔心理学家韦特海默、苛勒和科夫卡反对元素分析，主张在知觉中，有组织的整体先于部分存在。
Freud's psychoanalysis centred on unconscious conflict and early experience, with defence mechanisms and stages of psychosexual development; its claims are debated as science but shaped clinical practice.
弗洛伊德的精神分析以无意识冲突和早期经验为中心，包含防御机制和心理性发展阶段。 其主张在科学界存在争议，但影响了临床实践。
Watson's 1913 behaviourism rejected introspection for observable behaviour, and Skinner's radical behaviourism explained action by operant consequences.
华生于1913年提出的行为主义摒弃内省，转而关注可观察的行为；斯金纳的激进行为主义则用操作性后果来解释行为。
Horney analysed coping as moving toward, away from or against people.
霍妮将应对方式分析为趋向、回避或对抗他人。
The humanistic third force (Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Rogers's person-centred approach) stressed growth and self-actualisation against both psychoanalysis and behaviourism.
人本主义第三势力，包括马斯洛的需求层次理论和罗杰斯的人本主义方法，强调成长和自我实现，以对抗精神分析和行为主义。
The cognitive revolution of the 1950s restored mind as a lawful object: Miller's working-memory limits, Neisser's cognitive synthesis, and Chomsky's 1959 review arguing that Skinner's verbal-behaviour account cannot explain language acquisition.
20世纪50年代的认知革命将心智恢复为一种有规律的研究对象：米勒的工作记忆限制、奈瑟的认知综合，以及乔姆斯基在1959年的评论，他认为斯金纳的言语行为理论无法解释语言习得。
Later traditions built on these: Bandura's social learning (the Bobo doll studies) added observation and modelling to conditioning; Beck's cognitive therapy treats distorted thinking in depression; Eysenck described personality on broad dimensions such as extraversion and neuroticism.
后来的传统在此基础上发展：班杜拉的社会学习（以波波玩偶研究为例）在条件反射中加入了观察和模仿；贝克的认知疗法治疗抑郁症中的扭曲思维；艾森克描述了人格的广泛维度，如外向性和神经质。
Match each name to a claim and method, not merely to a famous phrase.
请将每个名字与其主张和方法相匹配，而不仅仅是与著名的短语匹配。
One account studies reinforcement schedules; another models a temporary information store; a third studies the purpose a behaviour serves.
一种观点研究强化程序。 另一种观点模拟临时信息存储。
Match each emphasis. Reinforcement schedules fit a behavioural emphasis.
第三种观点研究行为所起的作用。
A temporary information store fits a cognitive information-processing emphasis.
请将每种侧重与对应的理论匹配。 强化程序符合行为主义侧重。
Adaptive purpose fits functionalism's characteristic question.
临时信息存储符合认知信息加工侧重。
These are explanatory emphases, not a claim that a modern researcher must belong exclusively to one school.
适应性功能符合机能主义的典型问题。 这些都是解释性侧重，并非主张现代研究者必须仅隶属于某一学派。
Link each school's name to its claim, its method and its date.
把每个学派的名称、主张、方法和年代对应起来。
Read the labels before drawing a conclusion.
先读清标签，再下结论。
An answer names a famous theorist but gives no account of the observation.
答案中提及了一位著名理论家，但未对该观察结果作出任何说明。
Rewrite it as an explanation that could be checked, using the reinforcement case.
请利用强化案例将其改写为可检验的解释。
Pause before the model.
请在模型出现前暂停。
If a consequence follows a target action and increases its later frequency, the account predicts more of that action under the contingency than without it.
如果某种后果紧随目标行为出现，并增加了该行为后续发生的频率，那么该理论预测在相应条件下该行为的发生次数会多于无此条件时。
Define the action, consequence, schedule and observation period.
需明确定义行为、后果、安排及观察期。
A name alone provides no mechanism or discriminating prediction.
仅凭名称无法提供机制或鉴别性预测。
Randomized ethical comparisons can strengthen inference.
随机伦理比较可增强推论力度。
Crediting one founder with founding alone, or treating psychoanalytic claims and tested cognitive findings as the same kind of evidence.
将单一创始人视为唯一创立者，或将精神分析主张与经过验证的认知发现视为同等证据。
State the source and the limits.
请说明来源及其局限性。
Two schools predict the same observed response.
两个学派预测了相同的观测结果。
What additional evidence could discriminate their mechanisms?
哪些额外证据可以区分它们的机制？
Pause and write a justified answer.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。