Explanations, studies and inference
Introducido| English | Significado |
|---|---|
| cognitive process/ˈkɒɡnɪtɪv ˈprəʊses/ | proceso cognitivo |
| confounding variable/kənˈfaʊndɪŋ ˈveərɪəbl/ | variable de confusión |
A decision you can investigate
- Students who sleep longer score higher on a memory task.
- Sleep may matter, but the observation alone does not identify the causal mechanism.
Build the explanation
- Biological explanations examine physiological processes; cognitive explanations examine processes such as memory and attention.
- A study tests a bounded claim through a method, sample and measurement; it does not prove an entire approach.
Match the terms to their precise meanings.
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Use these definitions in the particular context of Explanations, studies and inference.
Work through the evidence
- An observational sleep-memory relation might also reflect stress, prior ability or study time.
- An ethically approved experiment can control some factors, but its task and sample still limit generalization.
What can be concluded from the association alone?
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An observational sleep-memory relation might also reflect stress, prior ability or study time. An ethically approved experiment can control some factors, but its task and sample still limit generalization.
Test the limits
- Do not invent a published study or claim the original classroom scenario is one.
- Add accurate aims, procedure, findings and evaluation for the teacher's selected studies before using them as examination evidence.
Which caution belongs to this particular task?
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Do not invent a published study or claim the original classroom scenario is one. Add accurate aims, procedure, findings and evaluation for the teacher's selected studies before using them as examination evidence.
It is good practice to invent a published study or claim the original classroom scenario is one.
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Add accurate aims, procedure, findings and evaluation for the teacher's selected studies before using them as examination evidence.
Apply and explain your answer
- What can be concluded from the association alone?
- Longer sleep is associated with higher scores in this sample, without establishing causation.
Choose the two statements supported by this lesson.
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The concept and worked evidence support these claims; the stated limits rule out the universal shortcut.
Use the terms precisely
- cognitive process 认知过程: A mental process such as attention or memory.
- confounding variable 混淆变量: A factor that can offer an alternative explanation for a result.
An observational sleep-memory relation might also reflect stress, prior ability or study time. An ethically approved experiment can control some factors, but its task and sample still limit generalization.
Do not invent a published study or claim the original classroom scenario is one. Add accurate aims, procedure, findings and evaluation for the teacher's selected studies before using them as examination evidence.
Biological explanations examine physiological processes; cognitive explanations examine processes such as memory and attention.
Write from a new association
- This is an original classroom observation, not a published study. Students who drink more water during revision score higher on a short quiz.
- Say what that association can support, and name one other factor that could explain it. Do not turn the observation into a published experiment.
In one classroom, students who drink more water during revision score higher on a short quiz. This observation is not a published study. What can it support, and what else could explain the pattern?
An association in one classroom is not a cause and is not a published experiment. Stress, prior ability or study time can offer another explanation, as in the sleep example.
Which conclusion fits the water observation?
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The lesson allows an association in the observed sample. It does not allow a cause, a universal rule, or an invented published study.