الملوك الجدد
مُقدَّمFour powers a centralised state claimed
- New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralised modern state by establishing monopolies on tax collection, employing military force, dispensing justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects.
- Four powers: tax, force, justice, religion — and each had previously been shared with nobles, towns or the Church.
- So centralisation is a transfer of specific functions, which makes it measurable rather than vague.
حدد كل الامتيازات الأربعة التي تذكرها المؤسسة.
الصعوبة 2/5 · 140 عملة + مكافأة صغيرة عند الإكمال الأول اليوم
كان كل منها موزوعاً سابقاً بين النبلاء أو المدن أو الكنيسة.
Reform from the top down
- Monarchs and princes, including the English rulers Henry VIII and Elizabeth I, initiated religious reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality.
- The CED's phrase from the top down distinguishes this from the popular reform movements of unit 2.
- So a ruler's reformation is a sovereignty story before it is a theological one.
What makes a monarchy 'new': four instruments, each taken from someone specific
عبارة المؤسسة عن إصلاح الملوك الديني هي من ____ إلى الأسفل.
الصعوبة 1/5 · 100 عملة + مكافأة صغيرة عند الإكمال الأول اليوم
وهذا ما يميزها عن الحركات الشعبية في الوحدة 2.
New people in politics
- Across Europe, commercial and professional groups gained in power and played a greater role in political affairs.
- A monarch who needs revenue and trained administrators will find both outside the nobility.
- So centralisation and the rise of commercial groups are the same process seen from two sides.
أي سلطة يتم ادعاءها؟
رتب كل تطور حسب الامتيازات الأربعة للمؤسسة.
كسبت المجموعات التجارية والمهنية السلطة جزئياً لأن الملك...
الصعوبة 1/5 · 100 عملة + مكافأة صغيرة عند الإكمال الأول اليوم
التركيز وصعودهم هما عملية واحدة من وجهتي نظر.
A ruler's reformation is a sovereignty story first. The CED says monarchs initiated reform from the top down in an effort to exercise greater control over religious life and morality — the theology matters, but the objective here is about the power the reform transferred.
ظهرت مفاهيم جديدة للدولة العلمانية حيث نجح التركيز.
الصعوبة 1/5 · 100 عملة + مكافأة صغيرة عند الإكمال الأول اليوم
تlocate المؤسسة them في استمرار التفتت السياسي لإيطاليا.
Italy went the other way
- Continued political fragmentation in Renaissance Italy provided a background for the development of new concepts of the secular state.
- Where no monarch could centralise, thinkers analysed power as it actually worked between competing states.
- So the theory of the secular state emerged where centralisation failed, which is a useful irony to be able to state.
صلب كل سبب بالمؤسسة التي أنتجتها.
الصعوبة 2/5 · 140 عملة + مكافأة صغيرة عند الإكمال الأول اليوم
التركيز هو نقل وظائف محددة، مما يجعله قابلاً للقياس.
Causes and effects of institutions
- The objective is the causes and effects of the development of political institutions from 1450 to 1648.
- Causes: war finance, the need for administration, and the opportunity religious reform created.
- Effects: standing revenue, professional officials, and the varying degrees of centralisation from 1.1.
Before, a subject could be taxed by a lord, tried in a church court and told what to believe by a bishop appointed abroad. Afterwards, one authority claims all three. Nothing about daily life need look different on the first morning, and the constitutional change is total.
New monarchies laid the foundation for the centralised modern state by claiming monopolies on tax collection, military force, justice and the right to determine subjects' religion. Monarchs initiated religious reform from the top down to control religious life and morality. Commercial and professional groups gained political power, while Italy's continued fragmentation produced new concepts of the secular state.