Software, the OS and interrupts · 软件、操作系统与中断
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| software/ˈsɒftweə/ | 软件 | ruǎn jiàn |
| operating system/ˈɒpəreɪtɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/ | 操作系统 | cāo zuò xì tǒng |
| hardware/ˈhɑːdweə/ | 硬件 | yìng jiàn |
| system software/ˈsɪstəm ˈsɒftweə/ | 系统软件 | xì tǒng ruǎn jiàn |
| application software/ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn ˈsɒftweə/ | 应用软件 | yìng yòng ruǎn jiàn |
| device drivers/dɪˈvaɪs ˈdraɪvəz/ | 设备驱动程序 | shè bèi qū dòng chéng xù |
| utility software/juːˈtɪlɪti ˈsɒftweə/ | 实用程序 | shí yòng chéng xù |
| interrupt/ˈɪntərʌpt/ | 中断 | zhōng duàn |
| multitasking/ˈmʌltitæskɪŋ/ | 多任务处理 | duō rèn wù chǔ lǐ |
Software 软件 and the operating system 操作系统
- Hardware 硬件 is the physical parts; software is the programs that control them.
- Software splits into system software 系统软件 and application software 应用软件.
- The most important system software is the operating system.
软件与操作系统
- 硬件(hardware)是物理部件;软件(software)是控制它们的程序。
- 软件分为系统软件和应用软件。
- 最重要的系统软件是操作系统(operating system)。
System vs application software
- System software controls the computer and gives a base for other programs: the operating system, compilers, device drivers 设备驱动程序, and utility software 实用程序 (anti-virus, backup).
- Application software lets the user do a task: word processor, spreadsheet, database, web browser.
- System software runs in the background; application software is used directly by the user.
Software divides into system software (runs the computer) and application software (lets the user do a task).
On an interrupt 中断 the CPU saves its place, runs the interrupt service routine, then restores its place and carries on.
系统对应用软件
- 系统软件(system software)控制计算机并为其他程序提供基础:操作系统、编译器、设备驱动(device drivers),和实用软件(utility software,杀毒、备份)。
- 应用软件(application software)让用户做一个任务:文字处理器、电子表格、数据库、网页浏览器。
- 系统软件在后台运行;应用软件被用户直接使用。
软件分为系统软件(运行计算机)和应用软件(让用户做一个任务)。
在一个中断时 CPU 保存它的位置,运行中断服务程序,然后恢复它的位置并继续。
Which is system software? · 哪个是系统软件?
The OS (and drivers, utilities) is system software; the others are application software. · OS(和驱动、实用程序)是系统软件;其他的是应用软件。
Sort these into system or application software. · 把这些分类为系统或应用软件。
Drivers and utilities run the computer (system); a browser is a user application. · 驱动和实用程序运行计算机(系统);一个浏览器是一个用户应用。
The operating system
- The OS controls the whole computer so the hardware, applications and user work together. Its roles include:
- managing files, managing memory, managing peripherals (and drivers), multitasking 多任务处理, handling interrupts, providing a user interface, a platform for applications, and security.
The motherboard and the parts attached to it are hardware — the physical parts of a computer.
操作系统
- OS 控制整个计算机,使硬件、应用和用户一起工作。它的角色包括:
- 管理文件、管理内存、管理外设(peripherals,和驱动)、多任务、处理中断、提供一个用户界面、一个应用的平台,以及安全。
主板和连接到它的部件是硬件——一台计算机的物理部件。
Which is a role of the operating system? · 哪个是操作系统的一个角色?
The OS manages files, memory, peripherals, multitasking, interrupts, the UI and security. · OS 管理文件、内存、外设、多任务、中断、UI 和安全。
Interrupts
- An interrupt is a signal to the processor that something needs attention now.
- It can come from hardware (a key pressed, printer out of paper), software (divide by zero), or the user (pressing cancel).
- The processor stops, saves its place, services the interrupt, then resumes — so the computer reacts quickly to important events.
The operating system sits between the hardware and the application software and user, letting them work together.
中断
- 一个中断(interrupt)是给处理器的一个信号,表示某事现在需要注意。
- 它能来自硬件(一个键被按、打印机缺纸)、软件(除以零),或用户(按取消)。
- 处理器停止、保存它的位置、服务中断,然后恢复——所以计算机对重要的事件快速反应。
操作系统位于硬件与应用软件和用户之间,让它们一起工作。
How the CPU handles an interrupt · CPU 如何处理一个中断
Step through an interrupt. The CPU pauses what it's doing, deals with the urgent event, then carries on exactly where it left off — which is how one processor juggles the keyboard, printer and timer at once. · 逐步看一个中断。CPU 暂停它正在做的事,处理紧急的事件,然后正好从它停下的地方继续——这就是一个处理器如何同时兼顾键盘、打印机和计时器。
An interrupt is: · 一个中断是:
An interrupt makes the CPU pause, service the event, then resume — for quick reactions. · 一个中断使 CPU 暂停、服务事件,然后恢复——为了快速反应。
A hardware interrupt comes from a device (e.g. a printer out of paper), while a software interrupt comes from a program (e.g. dividing by zero) — both make the CPU pause and service the event. · 一个硬件中断来自一个设备(例如一台缺纸的打印机),而一个软件中断来自一个程序(例如除以零)——两者都使 CPU 暂停并服务事件。
Interrupts can be hardware, software or user-triggered; in every case the CPU saves state, handles it, then resumes. · 中断能是硬件、软件或用户触发的;在每种情况下 CPU 保存状态、处理它,然后恢复。
You've got it
- system software runs the computer (OS, drivers, utilities); application software does a user task
- the OS manages files, memory, peripherals, multitasking, interrupts, the UI and security
- an interrupt = a signal needing immediate attention (hardware / software / user)
- on an interrupt the CPU saves its place, services it, then carries on
你掌握了
- 系统软件运行计算机(OS、驱动、实用程序);应用软件做一个用户任务
- OS 管理文件、内存、外设、多任务、中断、UI 和安全
- 一个中断 = 一个需要立即注意的信号(硬件 / 软件 / 用户)
- 在一个中断时 CPU 保存它的位置、服务它,然后继续