Rates, catalysts and reliable endpoints
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| rate/reɪt/ | 速率 | sù lǜ |
| activation energy/ˌæktɪˈveɪʃn ˈenədʒi/ | 活化能 | huó huà néng |
What would explain this observation?
- A faster reaction finishes sooner, but it need not make more product. Rate 速率 and final yield answer different questions.
- Start with a prediction. State the quantities or features you would compare, then decide what evidence could distinguish two explanations.
Build the model
- Reaction rate describes reactant used or product formed per time. Higher temperature increases the fraction of collisions with enough energy. A catalyst provides an alternative pathway with lower activation energy 活化能.
- activation energy: The energy barrier for a reaction pathway; rate: Change in a measured quantity per unit time.
Two reactions reach the same final gas volume. Which can still differ?
A product-time graph has a steeper gradient where rate is larger. A tangent estimates instantaneous rate; a secant gives average rate over an interval. The final plateau reflects the total collected product under the stated conditions.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- A product-time graph has a steeper gradient where rate is larger. A tangent estimates instantaneous rate; a secant gives average rate over an interval. The final plateau reflects the total collected product under the stated conditions.
- For gas production, check apparatus for leaks, start timing consistently and record volume at regular intervals. Keep concentration, reactant amount and surface area controlled when changing temperature.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
For gas production, check apparatus for leaks, start timing consistently and record volume at regular intervals. Keep concentration, reactant amount and surface area controlled when changing temperature.
Work from known quantities
- State the known values and their units. Choose the relation because its assumptions fit this case, then rearrange before substitution.
- Known: gas volume increases from 10 to 34 cubic centimetres between 20 and 60 s. Average rate = change in volume/change in time. Rate = (34 - 10)/(60 - 20) = 0.60 cubic centimetres per second. This is not necessarily the instantaneous rate at 40 s.
A reaction makes 24 cubic centimetres of gas in 40 s. Find average rate. Use the same sequence: known quantities → model → relation → substitution → unit and interpretation.
A reaction makes 24 cubic centimetres of gas in 40 s. Find average rate.
The result is 0.6 cm³/s. Known: gas volume increases from 10 to 34 cubic centimetres between 20 and 60 s. Average rate = change in volume/change in time. Rate = (34 - 10)/(60 - 20) = 0.60 cubic centimetres per second. This is not necessarily the instantaneous rate at 40 s.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- A catalyst does not change the equilibrium constant at a fixed temperature. A mass-loss method cannot detect all reactions, and losing gas through a leak biases a collection experiment.
- Return to the original observation. Explain what the result supports, which conditions it assumes, and one way to test a competing explanation.
A faster reaction always produces a larger final amount of product. This claim is false: A catalyst does not change the equilibrium constant at a fixed temperature. A mass-loss method cannot detect all reactions, and losing gas through a leak biases a collection experiment.
Rates, catalysts and reliable endpoints: A product-time graph has a steeper gradient where rate is larger. A tangent estimates instantaneous rate; a secant gives average rate over an interval. The final plateau reflects the total collected product under the stated conditions.
A faster reaction always produces a larger final amount of product.
A catalyst does not change the equilibrium constant at a fixed temperature. A mass-loss method cannot detect all reactions, and losing gas through a leak biases a collection experiment.
The energy barrier for a reaction pathway: write the technical term.
activation energy means The energy barrier for a reaction pathway.