People and society — comparing spoken texts · 人与社会：比较口语语篇
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| purpose/ˈpɜːpəs/ | 目的 | mù dì |
| audience/ˈɔːdɪəns/ | 听众 | tīng zhòng |
| announcement/əˈnaʊnsmənt/ | 通知 | tōng zhī |
| seminar discussion/ˈsemɪnɑː dɪˈskʌʃn/ | 研讨讨论 | yán tǎo tǎo lùn |
| speech function/spiːtʃ ˈfʌŋkʃn/ | 言语功能 | yán yǔ gōng néng |
| hedge/hedʒ/ | 模糊限制语 | mó hú xiàn zhì yǔ |
| evidence/ˈevɪdəns/ | 证据 | zhèng jù |
| concession/kənˈseʃn/ | 让步 | ràng bù |
| inference/ˈɪnfərəns/ | 推断 | tuī duàn |
| turn-taking/tɜːn ˈteɪkɪŋ/ | 话轮转换 | huà lún zhuàn huàn |
One topic can serve two purposes
- The audience 听众 and purpose 目的 help explain a text’s job. A public announcement 通知 can give instructions; a seminar discussion 研讨讨论 can test an idea and its limits.
- The original written scripts below support preparation and partner rehearsal. Reading checks do not measure one-pass listening, spoken fluency or pronunciation.
一个主题可服务于两个目的
- 听众 audience 和 目的 purpose 有助于解释文本的功能。公开 通知 announcement 可提供指示；研讨讨论 seminar discussion 可检验观点及其局限。
- 下方的原始书面脚本用于支持准备和同伴排练。阅读检查不衡量单次听力、口语流利度或发音。
Compare two original scripts
- Script A addresses library visitors with an opening time and a suggestion procedure. Script B evaluates an observation and recommends a further comparison.
- Read both, then let a partner read one aloud while you make notes. Check against the text afterwards; this rehearsal does not replace a reviewed recording.
Script A: library announcement
From Friday, the library's conversation corner will open at four each afternoon. We have moved two tables beside the large window. If you would like a quieter time or a different layout, please write a suggestion on the card at the desk. The desk will collect cards until the end of the month.
Script B: student seminar contribution
Our group observed the corner on four afternoons. Visitors tended to stay longer when the tables faced one another. However, we watched only one library, and we did not record why people stayed. The arrangement might help conversation, but the observation does not prove that it caused longer visits. We should compare several layouts before recommending a permanent change.
比较两份原始脚本
- 脚本 A 面向图书馆访客，提供开放时间和建议程序。脚本 B 评估一项观察结果并建议进一步对比。
- 通读两份内容，然后让同伴朗读其中一份，你同时做笔记。之后对照原文检查；这种排练不能替代经审核的录音。
脚本 A：图书馆公告
From Friday, the library's conversation corner will open at four each afternoon. We have moved two tables beside the large window. If you would like a quieter time or a different layout, please write a suggestion on the card at the desk. The desk will collect cards until the end of the month.
脚本 B：学生研讨会发言
Our group observed the corner on four afternoons. Visitors tended to stay longer when the tables faced one another. However, we watched only one library, and we did not record why people stayed. The arrangement might help conversation, but the observation does not prove that it caused longer visits. We should compare several layouts before recommending a permanent change.
What is the main job of Script A? · 脚本 A 的主要作用是什么？
Script A announces the Friday opening at four and directs visitors to suggestion cards at the desk. The observation and causal question belong to Script B. · 脚本 A 宣布周五起下午四点开放，并引导访客到前台填写建议卡。观察结果及因果问题属于脚本 B。
Identify what a statement does
- A speech function 言语功能 names the job: “will open at four” informs; “please write a suggestion” requests; “we should compare several layouts” recommends a next step.
- A hedge 模糊限制语 such as might preserves uncertainty. The observation is evidence 证据 with a limit, not proof that the arrangement caused longer visits. The speaker’s concession 让步 acknowledges that limitation.
识别语句的功能
- 言语功能 speech function 命名其作用：“will open at four” 用于告知；“please write a suggestion” 用于请求；“we should compare several layouts” 推荐下一步行动。
- 模糊限制语 hedge 如 might 保留不确定性。该观察是带有局限的 证据 evidence，而非证明安排导致停留时间延长的确凿依据。说话者的 让步 concession 承认了这一局限。
In Script B, what does “might help conversation” mean? · 脚本 B 中的 might help conversation 表示什么？
“Might” hedges the claim. The group observed one library and did not record why people stayed, so it cannot establish cause. · might 限定了主张。小组只观察一家图书馆，也没记录访客为何留下，因此不能确定原因。
Match each line to its speech function. · 把每句话与其言语功能配对。
The same topic can contain several functions. Look at what the sentence asks the listener to understand or do. · 同一个主题也会有多种言语功能。要看这句话希望听众理解什么，或采取什么行动。
Keep claim, support and limit
- For Script B, record claim → support → limit: possible help with conversation; observation on four afternoons; one library and no recorded visitor reasons. This avoids an unsupported inference 推断 about cause.
- For Script A, time → place → action highlights Friday at four, the window-side corner and suggestion cards at the desk. Match notes to the question instead of copying every word.
保留主张、支持与限定
- 针对脚本 B，记录主张 → 支持 → 限定：可能有助于交流；基于四个下午的观察；仅一家图书馆且未记录访客原因。这避免了关于因果关系的无依据 推断 inference。
- 针对脚本 A，时间 → 地点 → 行动突出周五四点、靠窗角落及柜台处的建议卡。根据题目匹配笔记，而非逐字抄录。
Script B proves that facing the tables together caused visitors to stay longer. · 脚本 B 证明了桌子相对摆放导致访客停留更久。
The group saw an association, but did not record visitors’ reasons. Script B explicitly says the observation does not prove cause. · 小组观察到一种关联，却没有记录访客留下的原因。脚本 B 明确说现有观察不能证明因果关系。
Put the three note headings for an academic spoken claim in the taught order. · 按课文顺序排列学术性讲话的三个笔记标题。
Claim → support → limit keeps the speaker’s meaning and uncertainty together. · 主张 → 支持 → 限制，能同时保留说话人的意思和不确定性。
Respond and invite a useful turn
- Turn-taking 话轮转换 includes acknowledging a point and responding to its evidence. “The longer visits are interesting, but we do not know why visitors stayed” keeps the observation and its limitation together.
- Invite a relevant next step: “Could we compare two layouts and ask visitors?” Hear the response before claiming agreement; neither a suggestion nor silence establishes a permanent decision.
Compare purpose and speech function, then retain the claim’s evidence and uncertainty. Printed-script rehearsal supports preparation without replacing reviewed audio or assessing spoken delivery.
回应并邀请有益的话轮
- 话轮转换 turn-taking 包括确认观点并对证据做出回应。“The longer visits are interesting, but we do not know why visitors stayed” 将观察结果及其局限结合在一起。
- 邀请相关的下一步行动：“Could we compare two layouts and ask visitors?” 在提出同意之前先听取对方回应；既非建议也非沉默都意味着永久决定。
比较目的与言语功能，然后保留主张的证据和不确定性。印刷脚本排练支持准备工作，但不能替代经审核的音频或评估口语表达。
Which reply best moves the table-layout discussion forward? · 哪一句最能推动桌子摆法的讨论？
The second reply acknowledges the observation, keeps its limit and proposes a check. Script B does not say everyone stayed longer or establish cause. · 第二句承认观察结果、保留其限制，并提出检验方法。脚本 B 没有说所有人都待得更久，也没有证明原因。