Development, inequality and the state · 发展、不平等与国家角色
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| development/dɪˈveləpmənt/ | 发展 | fā zhǎn |
| inequality/ɪniːˈkwɒlɪti/ | 不平等 | bù píng děng |
A decision you can investigate
- An economy exports more minerals, yet local health and schooling remain poor.
- Higher output is not sufficient evidence of broad development 发展.
一个你可以调查的决策
- 一个经济体出口更多矿产，但当地的健康和教育水平仍然低下。
- 更高的产出并不足以作为广泛发展 发展的充分证据。
Build the explanation
- Absolute poverty concerns inability to meet basic needs; relative poverty compares resources with a society's normal standard.
- Development includes capabilities, health, education and living conditions as well as real income.
构建解释
- 绝对贫困涉及无法满足基本需求；相对贫困则是将资源与社会的正常标准进行比较。
- 发展不仅包括实际收入，还涵盖能力、健康、教育和生活条件。
Match the terms to their precise meanings. · 将术语与其精确含义匹配。
Use these definitions in the particular context of Development, inequality and the state. · 在发展、不平等和国家这一特定语境中使用这些定义。
Work through the evidence
- A rural road can lower transport costs and connect producers to buyers. Health services can improve workers' capabilities.
- Compare the projects using local bottlenecks, distribution, environmental effects and opportunity cost, rather than GDP alone.
梳理证据
- 一条乡村公路可以降低运输成本并将生产者与买家连接起来。医疗服务可以改善工人的能力。
- 使用本地瓶颈、分配、环境影响和机会成本来比较项目，而不仅仅依据GDP。
Which evidence best supports a claim of wider development? · 哪项证据最能支持更广泛发展的主张？
A rural road can lower transport costs and connect producers to buyers. Health services can improve workers' capabilities. Compare the projects using local bottlenecks, distribution, environmental effects and opportunity cost, rather than GDP alone. · 乡村道路可降低运输成本，并将生产者与买家连接起来。卫生服务可提升劳动者的能力。应使用本地瓶颈、分配情况、环境影响和机会成本等指标比较项目，而非仅依据GDP。
Test the limits
- Aid may support capacity or create dependency; debt relief frees resources only if spending and institutions use them well.
- Use several indicators and recognise inequality 不平等 hidden by national averages.
测试极限
- 援助可能支持能力建设或造成依赖；债务减免只有在支出和机构能有效利用这些资源时才真正释放了资源。
- 使用多项指标并认识到被全国平均水平掩盖的不平等 不平等现象。
Which caution belongs to this particular task? · 哪项注意事项适用于此特定任务？
Aid may support capacity or create dependency; debt relief frees resources only if spending and institutions use them well. Use several indicators and recognise inequality hidden by national averages. · 援助可能支持能力建设，也可能造成依赖；债务减免只有在支出和机构能有效利用资源时才真正释放资源。需使用多种指标，并识别被全国平均水平掩盖的不平等问题。
The explanation in this lesson makes a conditional claim; relevant context and evidence still matter. · 本课的解释提出了条件性主张；相关背景和证据仍然重要。
Use several indicators and recognise inequality hidden by national averages. · 使用多种指标，并识别被国家平均水平掩盖的不平等现象。
Apply and explain your answer
- Which evidence best supports a claim of wider development?
- Improved health and education alongside real income gains, with attention to who benefits.
应用并解释你的答案
- 哪项证据最能支持更广泛发展的主张？
- 随着实际收入的增加，健康和教育的改善，同时关注谁从中受益。
Choose the two statements supported by this lesson. · 选择本课支持的两项陈述。
The concept and worked evidence support these claims; the stated limits rule out the universal shortcut. · 概念和推演证据支持这些主张；明确的限制排除了普遍捷径。
Use the terms precisely
- development: Improvement in people's capabilities and living conditions.
- inequality: Unequal distribution of income, wealth or opportunities.
精确使用术语
- 发展：人们能力和生活条件的改善。
- 不平等：收入、财富或机会的不均等分配。
A rural road can lower transport costs and connect producers to buyers. Health services can improve workers' capabilities. Compare the projects using local bottlenecks, distribution, environmental effects and opportunity cost, rather than GDP alone.
Aid may support capacity or create dependency; debt relief frees resources only if spending and institutions use them well. Use several indicators and recognise inequality hidden by national averages.
Absolute poverty concerns inability to meet basic needs; relative poverty compares resources with a society's normal standard.
乡村道路可降低运输成本，并将生产者与买家连接起来。卫生服务可提升劳动者的能力。应使用本地瓶颈、分配情况、环境影响和机会成本等指标比较项目，而非仅依据GDP。
援助可能支持能力建设，也可能造成依赖；债务减免只有在支出和机构能有效利用资源时才真正释放资源。需使用多种指标，并识别被全国平均水平掩盖的不平等问题。
绝对贫困指无法满足基本需求；相对贫困则是将个人资源与社会正常标准进行比较。