资源与水：选择处理方式，测量残留物并回收铜
引入
词汇
| English | 释义 | 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| potable water/ˈpəʊtəbl ˈwɔːtə/ | 饮用水 | yǐn yòng shuǐ |
| finite resource | 有限资源 | yǒu xiàn zī yuán |
| renewable resource/rɪˈnjuːəbl rɪˈzɔːs/ | 可再生资源 | kě zài shēng zī yuán |
| sustainable development/səˈsteɪnəbl dɪˈveləpmənt/ | 可持续发展 | kě chí xù fā zhǎn |
| sterilise/ˈsterəlaɪz/ | 消毒 | xiāo dú |
| desalination/dɪˌsælɪˈneɪʃn/ | 海水淡化 | hǎi shuǐ dàn huà |
| reverse osmosis | 反渗透 | fǎn shèn tòu |
| sedimentation/ˌsedɪmənˈteɪʃn/ | 沉降 | chén jiàng |
| sludge/slʌdʒ/ | 污泥 | wū ní |
| effluent | 出水 | chū shuǐ |
| anaerobic digestion | 厌氧消化 | yàn yǎng xiāo huà |
| aerobic biological treatment | 好氧生物处理 | hǎo yǎng shēng wù chǔ lǐ |
| phytomining | 植物采矿 | zhí wù cǎi kuàng |
| bioleaching | 生物浸出 | shēng wù jìn chū |
| leachate/ˈliːtʃeɪt/ | 浸出液 | jìn chū yè |
English
Can clear water be unsafe?
- Clear-looking water may contain dissolved salts, harmful microbes or dissolved chemicals. Choose treatment for what must be removed, rather than assuming one filter solves every problem.
- This lesson covers resources, potable water 饮用水, waste-water branches and HT biological copper recovery. RP8 written knowledge does not replace a supervised practical record.
English
Match use to replenishment
- Earth's resources provide warmth, shelter, food and transport. Agriculture supplements food, timber and natural fibres; synthetic fibres can supplement or replace cotton or wool. Synthetic does not automatically mean more sustainable.
- A finite resource 有限资源 is not replenished on the time scale of use. A renewable resource 可再生资源 can be replenished, but harvest can still exceed growth. Sustainable development 可持续发展 meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs.
English
Check units and scale
- Stocks of 20 tonnes and 20 000 tonnes differ by $20\,000/20=1000=10^3$, three orders of magnitude. A stock figure alone does not show sustainability.
- A forest growing 1 200 tonnes yearly but harvested at 2 000 tonnes loses $2000-1200=800$ tonnes per year. Long-term management must address that imbalance and wider environmental effects.
English
Separate solids, microbes and salts
- Potable water has sufficiently low dissolved salts and harmful microbes to be safe to drink; it is not chemically pure. UK fresh supplies collect from rainfall in ground, rivers and lakes. Choose a suitable source, filter suspended solids, then sterilise 消毒 with chlorine, ozone or ultraviolet.
- Desalination 海水淡化 removes salts by distillation or reverse osmosis 反渗透. Distillation boils and condenses water vapour; reverse osmosis uses pressure and a suitable membrane. Both require substantial energy. Ordinary filtration and sterilising do not remove all dissolved salt.
练习
哪种途径可从海水中去除溶解盐分？
难度 1/5 · 今日首次完成可获 100 金币及少量额外奖励
蒸馏通过沸腾和冷凝分离水，留下大部分溶解盐分。普通滤床去除悬浮固体，紫外线控制微生物；两者单独均无法实现脱盐。反渗透是另一种合适的除盐途径。
English
RP8: measure residue and collect distilled water
- Compare water pH and dissolved-solid residue. Measure a known sample volume, weigh a dry container, evaporate safely, cool and reweigh; repeat to constant mass where appropriate. Residue mass equals final mass minus empty mass.
- A 50.0 cm³ sample leaving 0.120 g gives $c=\dfrac{0.120\ \mathrm{g}}{0.0500\ \mathrm{dm^3}}=2.40\ \mathrm{g/dm^3}$. Distillation must collect cooled vapour; boiling a sample dry alone is not distillation. Never drink laboratory samples or treat residue as a microbial test.
练习
哪两项陈述可使水样调查具有科学性？
难度 2/5 · 今日首次完成可获 140 金币及少量额外奖励
质量差值法和已知体积可支持残留物结果；安全性需要额外证据，切勿饮用实验室样品；蒸馏需收集并冷凝蒸汽。
English
Keep sewage branches distinct
- Screen large objects, remove grit, then use sedimentation 沉降 to separate sludge 污泥 from liquid effluent 出水. Sludge undergoes anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化 without oxygen; the effluent undergoes aerobic biological treatment 好氧生物处理 with oxygen.
- Industrial waste can require extra chemical treatment. Release-quality water is not automatically potable. Suitable ground water often needs less treatment than waste water under comparable local conditions, but source contamination can change the comparison.
练习
将术语与其精确含义匹配。
难度 2/5 · 今日首次完成可获 140 金币及少量额外奖励
利用化学结构、工艺或比较界限来区分这些术语。
English
HT: concentrate compounds, then recover metal
- Phytomining 植物采矿 uses plants to absorb metal compounds; harvest and burn them to get ash containing compounds. Bioleaching 生物浸出 uses bacteria to produce a leachate 浸出液 containing metal compounds. Neither directly yields a pure copper object.
- Recover copper from a suitable solution by iron displacement, $Fe+CuSO_4\rightarrow FeSO_4+Cu$, or electrolysis. Compare reduced rock excavation with processing time, yield, energy and waste. “Biological” does not mean free or impact-free.
练习
直接焚烧生物采矿植物会在灰烬中产生纯铜金属。
难度 1/5 · 今日首次完成可获 100 金币及少量额外奖励
灰烬中含有金属化合物，而非自动生成的纯铜。需进一步加工成适当溶液，并通过铁置换或电解法回收。
练习
写出产生含金属化合物浸出液的细菌过程名称。
难度 1/5 · 今日首次完成可获 100 金币及少量额外奖励
生物浸出利用细菌生成含金属化合物的溶液。它不同于生物采矿，后者是在收获和焚烧前将化合物富集在植物体内。
English
Transfer to an unfamiliar water sample
- Independent sample: 25.0 cm³ leaves 0.050 g residue, giving $0.050/0.0250=2.00\ \mathrm{g/dm^3}$. This measurement alone cannot establish drinking safety; investigate microbes and any relevant dissolved chemicals.
- Explain a treatment using the impurity and separation mechanism. Then state its limitation: filters remove suspended solids, sterilising controls microbes, and salt removal needs a suitable desalination process.
Key idea
Choose by source and required quality. Preserve separate waste-water branches, units in residue calculations and the distinction between metal compounds and recovered metal.
练习
一个 25.0 cm³ 水样留下 0.050 g 干残渣。计算残渣浓度（g/dm³）。
难度 2/5 · 今日首次完成可获 140 金币及少量额外奖励
25.0 cm³ = 0.0250 dm³。浓度 = 残渣质量 / 样品体积 = 0.050 g / 0.0250 dm³ = 2.00 g/dm³。此方法不能检测微生物安全性。