Using the Mean Value Theorem · 使用中值定理
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Value Theorem/miːn ˈvæljuː ˈθɪərəm/ | 中值定理 | zhōng zhí dìng lǐ |
Somewhere, the instant matches the average
- Drive $120$ km in $2$ hours: your average speed is $60\,\tfrac{\text{km}}{\text{h}}$.
- At some instant your speedometer must have read exactly $60$ — you can't average $60$ without hitting it.
- That intuitive fact is the Mean Value Theorem 中值定理 (MVT).
- It links the average rate of change over an interval to an instantaneous rate somewhere inside.
某处,瞬时恰好等于平均
- 用 $2$ 小时开 $120$ 公里:你的平均速度是 $60\,\tfrac{\text{km}}{\text{h}}$。
- 在某一瞬间,你的速度表一定恰好读到 $60$——不碰到它就无法平均出 $60$。
- 这个直观的事实就是中值定理(MVT)。
- 它把一段区间上的平均变化率与内部某处的瞬时变化率联系起来。
The hypotheses come first
- MVT needs $f$ continuous on $[a,b]$ and differentiable on $(a,b)$.
- If both hold, there is at least one $c$ in $(a,b)$ with
-
$$f'(c)=\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b-a}$$
- The left side is an instantaneous rate; the right side is the average rate over $[a,b]$.
前提要先满足
- MVT 需要 $f$ 在 $[a,b]$ 上连续,并且在 $(a,b)$ 上可微。
- 若两者都成立,则在 $(a,b)$ 内至少存在一个 $c$,使
-
$$f'(c)=\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b-a}$$
- 左边是一个瞬时变化率;右边是 $[a,b]$ 上的平均变化率。
The MVT on $[a,b]$ requires which hypotheses? · $[a,b]$ 上的 MVT 需要 哪些 假设条件?
Continuous on the closed interval and differentiable on the open one. ($f(a)=f(b)$ is the extra Rolle condition.) · 在闭区间上连续且在开区间上可微。($f(a)=f(b)$ 是罗尔定理的额外条件。)
The MVT guarantees a $c$ where $f'(c)$ equals the... · MVT 保证存在一个 $c$,其中 $f'(c)$ 等于...
$f'(c)=\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b-a}$, the average rate. · $f'(c)=\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b-a}$,即平均变化率。
A tangent parallel to the secant
- The right-hand side is the slope of the secant line joining the endpoints.
- So MVT guarantees a point where the tangent line is parallel to that secant.
- Geometrically: somewhere the curve's slope equals the overall average slope.
- Like the IVT, it is an existence theorem — it promises $c$ exists, not its value.
一条平行于割线的切线
- 右边是连接两端点的割线的斜率。
- 所以 MVT 保证存在一点,其切线平行于那条割线。
- 几何上:某处曲线的斜率等于整体的平均斜率。
- 与 IVT 一样,它是一个存在性定理——它保证 $c$ 存在,而非它的值。
Tangent parallel to the secant · 切线与割线平行
y = x²
Somewhere inside the interval the tangent slope matches the average (secant) slope — that point is the MVT's guaranteed $c$. · 在区间内部某处,切线斜率等于平均(割线)斜率——该点是 MVT 保证存在的 $c$。
Geometrically, the MVT guarantees a tangent line parallel to the ____ line. · 几何上,MVT 保证存在一条与 ____ 线平行的切线。
The tangent at $c$ is parallel to the secant joining the endpoints. · $c$ 处的切线与连接端点的割线平行。
Finding the guaranteed $c$
- To find $c$: set $f'(c)$ equal to the average rate and solve for $c$ in $(a,b)$.
- First check the hypotheses (continuous + differentiable) — skip that and the theorem doesn't apply.
- Discard any solution outside the open interval $(a,b)$.
- The MVT is the engine behind many later results (like "if $f'=0$ everywhere, $f$ is constant").
求出被保证的 $c$
- 求 $c$:让 $f'(c)$ 等于平均变化率,并在 $(a,b)$ 内解出 $c$。
- 先检查前提(连续 + 可微)——跳过它,定理就不适用。
- 舍弃任何落在开区间 $(a,b)$ 之外的解。
- MVT 是许多后续结果的引擎(如"若处处 $f'=0$,则 $f$ 为常数")。
For · 支持 $f(x)=x^2$ on $[2,6]$, find the $c$ guaranteed by the MVT. · 对于 $f(x)=x^2$ 在 $[2,6]$ 上,找出 MVT 保证存在的 $c$。
Average $=\frac{36-4}{4}=8$; $2c=8\Rightarrow c=4\in(2,6)$. · 平均 $=\frac{36-4}{4}=8$;$2c=8\Rightarrow c=4\in(2,6)$。
If $f$ has a corner inside $(a,b)$, the MVT is still guaranteed to apply. · 如果 $f$ 在 $(a,b)$ 内部有尖角,MVT 仍保证适用。
A corner breaks differentiability, so the hypotheses fail and MVT may not apply. · 尖角破坏了可微性,因此假设条件不满足,MVT 可能不适用。
Like the IVT, the MVT is what kind of theorem? · 与介值定理类似,MVT 属于哪种类型的定理?
It guarantees such a $c$ exists (though here you can often find it). · 它保证了这样的 $c$ 存在(尽管在此处通常可以找到它)。
Both hypotheses are required. If $f$ has a corner (not differentiable) or a break (not continuous) on the interval, the MVT can fail — there may be no such $c$. Always confirm $f$ is continuous on $[a,b]$ and differentiable on $(a,b)$ before applying it.
两个前提缺一不可。若 $f$ 在区间上有尖角(不可微)或断裂(不连续),MVT 可能失效——也许没有这样的 $c$。套用它之前,永远确认 $f$ 在 $[a,b]$ 上连续且在 $(a,b)$ 上可微。
For $f(x)=x^2$ on $[1,3]$, find the $c$ guaranteed by the MVT.
- Average rate: $\dfrac{f(3)-f(1)}{3-1}=\dfrac{9-1}{2}=4$.
- $f'(x)=2x$, so set $2c=4\Rightarrow c=2$.
- $c=2$ lies in $(1,3)$ ✓ — there the tangent slope equals the average slope $4$.
对 $[1,3]$ 上的 $f(x)=x^2$,求 MVT 所保证的 $c$。
- 平均变化率:$\dfrac{f(3)-f(1)}{3-1}=\dfrac{9-1}{2}=4$。
- $f'(x)=2x$,所以令 $2c=4\Rightarrow c=2$。
- $c=2$ 落在 $(1,3)$ 内 ✓——那里切线斜率等于平均斜率 $4$。
The Mean Value Theorem: if $f$ is continuous on $[a,b]$ and differentiable on $(a,b)$, some $c\in(a,b)$ has $f'(c)=\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b-a}$ — an instantaneous rate equal to the average rate, i.e. a tangent parallel to the secant. Check the hypotheses, then solve $f'(c)=$ average for $c$.
中值定理:若 $f$ 在 $[a,b]$ 上连续且在 $(a,b)$ 上可微,则存在 $c\in(a,b)$ 使 $f'(c)=\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{b-a}$——瞬时变化率等于平均变化率,即一条平行于割线的切线。先检查前提,再解 $f'(c)=$ 平均 来求 $c$。