Optional Science: data, investigations and models · 可选科学：数据、调查和模型
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| control variable/kənˈtrəʊl ˈveərɪəbl/ | 控制变量 | kòng zhì biàn liàng |
| interpolation/ɪnˌtɜːpəˈleɪʃn/ | 内插 | nèi chā |
A decision before an answer
- Two graphs can look alike while using different axis scales. Read the numbers before comparing the effects.
- Your goal: Interpret data and graphical relationships.
答案前的判断
- 两张图表可能外观相似，但坐标轴刻度不同。比较效果前请先读取具体数值。
- 目标：解读数据及图形之间的关系。
Read the relationship
- Identify the independent and dependent variables, axes and units. Interpolate only within the supplied data range.
- Evaluate experimental methods and variables.
阅读关系
- 识别自变量、因变量、坐标轴及单位。仅在提供的数据范围内进行内插估算。
- 评估实验方法及变量设置。
For trials differing only in temperature, the independent variable is:
Temperature is deliberately changed.
Use the defining rule
- Find which factor changes between trials and which factors remain controlled. Replication tests repeatability.
- Compare scientific arguments and predictions against evidence.
运用定义规则
- 找出试验中发生变化的因素以及保持受控的因素。重复试验用于检验可重复性。
- 将科学论点与预测同证据进行比较。
Model A predicts rise; B predicts fall. Best discriminating evidence?
An observation on the predicted variable distinguishes the models.
Check the conditions
- For conflicting viewpoints, write one prediction for each model and look for a discriminating observation.
- Compare scientific arguments and predictions against evidence.
Trial 1 uses 10 mL acid and takes 40 s; Trial 2 uses 20 mL and takes 25 s at the same temperature. More acid is associated with a shorter time here. A third trial at a hotter temperature cannot isolate the acid-volume effect.
检查条件
- 针对相互矛盾的观点，为每种模型各写一个预测，并寻找能够区分两者的观察结果。
- 将科学论点与预测同证据进行比较。
试验1使用10 mL酸液，耗时40 s；试验2使用20 mL酸液，在同一温度下耗时25 s。此处酸量增加与时间缩短相关。在更高温度下进行第三次试验无法单独分离出酸体积的影响。
A repeated trial checks ____.
Similar results on repeats support repeatability, not automatically causal validity.
Apply the task format
- Use the supplied scientific context. Many questions require evidence reasoning rather than recall of a specialist fact.
- Compare scientific arguments and predictions against evidence.
Science is optional for individual ACT registrations, but a school contract or target institution may require it. It is not part of the enhanced EMR Composite.
应用题目格式
- 利用提供的科学背景信息作答。许多题目需要基于证据的推理，而非单纯回忆专业知识。
- 将科学论点与预测同证据进行比较。
ACT个人报名可选考理科科目，但学校协议或目标院校可能要求必须参加。理科成绩不包含在增强版EMR综合分中。
Which answer fits this case? · 哪个答案符合此案例？
Interpret data and graphical relationships · 解读数据及图表关系
A bigger-looking graph slope guarantees a larger physical rate.
Axis scales and units must be checked.
Keep the distinctions
- control variable 控制变量 — A factor kept the same in a comparison.
- interpolation 内插 — Estimating between observed values.
- Interpret data and graphical relationships.
- Evaluate experimental methods and variables.
- Compare scientific arguments and predictions against evidence.
保持区别
- 控制变量 — 在对比实验中保持不变的因素。
- 内插 — 在观测值之间进行估算。
- 解读数据及图形之间的关系。
- 评估实验方法及变量设置。
- 将科学论点与预测同证据进行比较。
Match each term with its precise meaning in this lesson.
Keep the distinctions stated in the teaching example.
Put this lesson’s reasoning or event sequence in order.
The order follows the stated process; check each stage before the next.