Original teaching practice. Read one pattern, cover its model and try the questions before checking the separate answer section. Examples adapted from Chinese Grammar Wiki (AllSet Learning, CC BY-NC-SA) retain the course-reference provenance.
in order to avoid以免 (so as to avoid)
Just in case
- The forecast is uncertain, and you're heading out for the whole day.
- you你to take along with one带上umbrella雨伞，in order to avoid以免to get soaked淋湿。 — "Take an umbrella so you don't get soaked."
Action，in order to avoid以免 + unwanted result
- in order to avoid以免 = "so as to avoid, lest": the first clause is a precaution, the second the result you want to avoid.
- It starts the second clause: to ask请to conserve保存good好receipt收据，in order to avoid以免to lose丢失.
please请keep保存safely好the receipt收据，so as to avoid以免losing it丢失。
Warnings and instructions
- to drive a car开车o'clock时don't不要to see看cell phone手机，in order to avoid以免to happen发生accident事故。 — "Don't look at your phone while driving, to avoid accidents."
- (把: marks the object)把medicine药放在high place高处，in order to avoid以免child孩子to get拿到。 — "Put the medicine up high so children can't reach it."
把the medicine药put放at在a high place高处，so that … not以免children孩子reach it拿到。
Only unwanted results
- What follows in order to avoid以免 is something bad you want to avoid; for a positive goal use so that以便: 早点儿to set off出发，so that以便on time准时to / arrive到.
- Do not add not不 after in order to avoid以免: in order to avoid以免to arrive late迟到, not in order to avoid以免not不to arrive late迟到 (that would mean the opposite).
in order to avoid以免 versus so as not to免得 and to avoid省得
- so as not to免得 / to avoid省得 mean the same in speech: 早点儿to walk走，so as not to免得traffic jam堵车.
- in order to avoid以免 is more formal and common in instructions and notices.
early早a bit点儿leave走，to avoid免得traffic jams堵车。
Recap
- Precaution，in order to avoid以免 + unwanted result = so as to avoid (formal).
- Positive goals take so that以便; spoken equivalents so as not to免得 / to avoid省得; no not不 after in order to avoid以免.
Practise this pattern step by step.
as well as以及 (as well as / and)
A formal list
- A company report lists everyone who took part in a project.
- to participate参加meeting会议(modifier / structural particle)的to have / there is有manager经理、engineer工程师as well as以及part部分client客户。 — "Attending the meeting were the manager, the engineers, and some of the clients."
A、B as well as以及 C = and, as well as
- as well as以及 joins the last item of a list in formal writing, like a formal and / with和.
- It often adds an item of a slightly different kind or lower importance.
students学生、teachers老师as well as以及parents家长all都took part参加了。
Joining phrases and clauses
- It can join larger units: everyone大家to discuss讨论(completed / change)了to exercise活动(modifier / structural particle)的(concept of) time时间、place地点as well as以及cost费用。 — "Everyone discussed the time, place and cost of the event."
- Questions too: how / why怎么to go去as well as以及what什么time时候to go去，still / also还not / haven't没to decide (to do something)决定.
discussed讨论了the time时间、place地点and以及cost费用。
Formal, and before the last item
- In casual speech, and / with和 sounds more natural: I / me我to buy买(completed / change)了apple苹果and / with和banana香蕉.
- Put as well as以及 before the last item only: A、B as well as以及 C, not A as well as以及 B as well as以及 C.
as well as以及 versus and / with和 and and及
- and / with和 = and (everyday).
- and及 is an even more compact written form: student学生and及head of a household家长. as well as以及 can join longer phrases than and及.
students学生and及parents家长。
Recap
- A、B as well as以及 C = A, B, and (also) C (formal writing).
- Everyday and / with和; compact written and及; as well as以及 can join phrases and clauses.
Practise this pattern step by step.
in a word总之 (in short / in a word)
Wrapping it up
- At the end of a long discussion about holiday plans, you sum up.
- in a word总之，we / us我们down下Friday周五to set off出发。 — "In short, we leave next Friday."
in a word总之，+ summary = in short, in a word
- in a word总之 introduces a conclusion or summary after several points.
- It usually starts the sentence, followed by a comma.
in short总之，this这次event活动very很successful成功。
After a list of reasons
- price价格太高，quality质量same一般，to serve服务also也no good不好。in a word总之，I / me我not不to recommend推荐。 — "The price is too high, the quality average, the service poor. In short, I don't recommend it."
- It pulls everything together into one point.
in short总之，I我don't不recommend it推荐。
After the details, not before
- in a word总之 comes after the points it sums up; it cannot open a conversation.
- It closes a discussion; for "for example" use for example比如.
in a word总之 versus in short总而言之 and anyway反正
- in short总而言之 = the full, more formal form.
- anyway反正 = anyway, whatever happens: anyway反正I / me我not不to go去 — the speaker's mind is made up.
anyway反正I我won't不go去。
Recap
- in a word总之，… = in short, in a word (a summary after several points).
- Formal in short总而言之; anyway反正 = anyway (mind made up).
Practise this pattern step by step.
(literary) (conjunction…则 (while / whereas — formal contrast)
North and south
- An essay compares eating habits across China.
- north北方人爱吃面，南方人(literary) (conjunction…则to love爱variant of 吃吃(cooked) rice米饭。 — "Northerners love noodles, whereas southerners love rice."
A …，B (literary) (conjunction…则 … = whereas, while (formal contrast)
- (literary) (conjunction…则 follows the subject of the second clause and marks a contrast with the first: he / him他to like喜欢quiet安静，I / me我(literary) (conjunction…则to like喜欢bustling with noise and…热闹.
- It is written and formal.
he他likes喜欢quiet安静，I我whereas则like喜欢bustle热闹。
Consequence: then
- (literary) (conjunction…则 can also mean "then" in a condition: (idiom) (the Analects)…欲速则不达。 — "More haste, less speed."
- if如果…，(literary) (conjunction…则… in formal writing: if如果temperature温度to surpass超过one / a一Baidu, Internet portal and…百度，(literary) (conjunction…则水会(of a liquid) to boil沸腾.
wanting欲speed速then则not不arriving达。
After the subject
- (literary) (conjunction…则 follows the subject: 南方人(literary) (conjunction…则…, not (literary) (conjunction…则南方人….
- It is formal; in speech, and / but而 or but但是 / but可是 are more natural.
(literary) (conjunction…则 versus and / but而
- and / but而 starts the contrasting clause: north北方cold冷，and / but而south南方warm暖和.
- (literary) (conjunction…则 sits inside it, after the subject: north北方cold冷，south南方(literary) (conjunction…则warm暖和.
the north北方is cold冷，whereas而the south南方is warm暖和。
Recap
- …，B (literary) (conjunction…则 … = whereas (formal contrast, after the subject); in conditions, (literary) (conjunction…则 = then.
- and / but而 starts the clause; speech uses but但是 / but可是.
Practise this pattern step by step.
Practice without the models
in order to avoid以免 (so as to avoid)
0301.1 Complete: “Keep the receipt so you don't lose it.” to ask请to conserve保存good好receipt收据，…………to lose丢失。
0301.2 “Leave early so you arrive on time.” Which fits? 早点儿to set off出发，____准时到达。
- A. so as not to免得
- B. so that以便
- C. to avoid省得
- D. in order to avoid以免
0301.3 Build: “Put the medicine up high so children can't reach it.”
Arrange all chunks: in order to avoid以免 / (把: marks the object)把medicine药放在high place高处 / ， / child孩子to get拿到。
0301.4 so as not to免得 is a spoken equivalent of in order to avoid以免.
True or false? Explain or repair the statement.
0301.5 The forecast is uncertain, and you're heading out for the whole day. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.
Write or say your own response before reading the key.
as well as以及 (as well as / and)
0302.1 Complete (formal): “Students, teachers and parents all took part.” student学生、teacher老师…………head of a household家长all / both都to participate参加(completed / change)了。
0302.2 Which suits casual speech? “I bought apples and bananas.”
- A. I / me我to buy买(completed / change)了apple苹果as well as以及banana香蕉。
- B. I / me我to buy买(completed / change)了apple苹果and / with和banana香蕉。
- C. I / me我to buy买(completed / change)了as well as以及apple苹果banana香蕉。
- D. I / me我to buy买(completed / change)了apple苹果and及banana香蕉。
0302.3 Build: “We discussed the time, place and cost.”
Arrange all chunks: (concept of) time时间、place地点 / as well as以及 / cost费用。 / we / us我们to discuss讨论(completed / change)了
0302.4 as well as以及 can join longer phrases than and及.
True or false? Explain or repair the statement.
0302.5 A company report lists everyone who took part in a project. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.
Write or say your own response before reading the key.
in a word总之 (in short / in a word)
0303.1 Sum up: “In short, the event was a success.” …………，这次to exercise活动degree / adjective linker很success成功。
0303.2 “Whatever you say, I'm not going anyway.” Which fits? ____I / me我not不to go去。
- A. then / after然后
- B. for example比如
- C. in a word总之
- D. anyway反正
0303.3 Build: “In short, I don't recommend it.”
Arrange all chunks: not不to recommend推荐。 / in a word总之 / ， / I / me我
0303.4 in a word总之 can open a conversation before any points are made.
True or false? Explain or repair the statement.
0303.5 At the end of a long discussion about holiday plans, you sum up. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.
Write or say your own response before reading the key.
(literary) (conjunction…则 (while / whereas – formal contrast)
0304.1 Complete (written): “He likes quiet, whereas I like bustle.” he / him他to like喜欢quiet安静，I / me我…………to like喜欢bustling with noise and…热闹。
0304.2 Which is correct?
- A. (literary) (conjunction…则north北方cold冷，south南方warm暖和。
- B. north北方cold冷，south南方(literary) (conjunction…则warm暖和。
- C. north北方cold冷，(literary) (conjunction…则south南方warm暖和。
- D. north北方(literary) (conjunction…则cold冷，south南方warm暖和(literary) (conjunction…则。
0304.3 Build: “More haste, less speed.”
Arrange all chunks: (literary) (conjunction…则 / 不达。 / 欲速
0304.4 and / but而 starts the contrasting clause; (literary) (conjunction…则 follows its subject.
True or false? Explain or repair the statement.
0304.5 An essay compares eating habits across China. Close the examples. Say a Mandarin response, then write it in Chinese. Explain briefly in English what the lesson’s pattern adds. Compare with the model, then change one detail and try again.
Write or say your own response before reading the key.
Answers and explanations
in order to avoid以免 (so as to avoid)
0301.1 in order to avoid以免
in order to avoid以免 + unwanted result.
0301.2 B. so that以便
A positive goal takes so that以便.
0301.3 (把: marks the object)把medicine药放在high place高处，in order to avoid以免child孩子to get拿到。
Precaution，in order to avoid以免 + unwanted result.
0301.4 True.
Both introduce something to avoid.
0301.5 One possible response: you你to take along with one带上umbrella雨伞，in order to avoid以免to get soaked淋湿。
Check meaning and form:
- My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
- I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
- What follows in order to avoid以免 is something bad you want to avoid; for a positive goal use so that以便: 早点儿to set off出发，so that以便on time准时to / arrive到.
- Do not add not不 after in order to avoid以免: in order to avoid以免to arrive late迟到, not in order to avoid以免not不to arrive late迟到 (that would mean the opposite).
- I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.
This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.
as well as以及 (as well as / and)
0302.1 as well as以及
as well as以及 joins the last item.
0302.2 B. I / me我to buy买(completed / change)了apple苹果and / with和banana香蕉。
as well as以及 and and及 are formal connectors used in writing and announcements. In casual speech two nouns are joined with and / with和: I / me我to buy买(completed / change)了apple苹果and / with和banana香蕉.
0302.3 we / us我们to discuss讨论(completed / change)了(concept of) time时间、place地点as well as以及cost费用。
A、B as well as以及 C.
0302.4 True.
as well as以及 can link phrases and clauses.
0302.5 One possible response: to participate参加meeting会议(modifier / structural particle)的to have / there is有manager经理、engineer工程师as well as以及part部分client客户。
Check meaning and form:
- My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
- I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
- In casual speech, and / with和 sounds more natural: I / me我to buy买(completed / change)了apple苹果and / with和banana香蕉.
- Put as well as以及 before the last item only: A、B as well as以及 C, not A as well as以及 B as well as以及 C.
- I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.
This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.
in a word总之 (in short / in a word)
0303.1 in a word总之
in a word总之 introduces the summary.
0303.2 D. anyway反正
A mind already made up = anyway反正.
0303.3 in a word总之，I / me我not不to recommend推荐。
in a word总之，+ summary.
0303.4 False.
It sums up points already made.
0303.5 One possible response: in a word总之，we / us我们down下Friday周五to set off出发。
Check meaning and form:
- My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
- I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
- in a word总之 comes after the points it sums up; it cannot open a conversation.
- It closes a discussion; for "for example" use for example比如.
- I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.
This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.
(literary) (conjunction…则 (while / whereas – formal contrast)
0304.1 (literary) (conjunction…则
Subject + (literary) (conjunction…则 marks the contrast.
0304.2 B. north北方cold冷，south南方(literary) (conjunction…则warm暖和。
(literary) (conjunction…则 follows the subject of the second clause.
0304.3 (idiom) (the Analects)…欲速则不达。
A fixed saying with (literary) (conjunction…则 = then.
0304.4 True.
That is their difference in position.
0304.5 One possible response: north北方人爱吃面，南方人(literary) (conjunction…则to love爱variant of 吃吃(cooked) rice米饭。
Check meaning and form:
- My response conveys a message that fits the opening situation.
- I can explain the meaning of the pattern, rather than only naming it.
- (literary) (conjunction…则 follows the subject: 南方人(literary) (conjunction…则…, not (literary) (conjunction…则南方人….
- It is formal; in speech, and / but而 or but但是 / but可是 are more natural.
- I tried a second response with a name, time, place, or description changed.
This is supported productive practice. Compare meaning and structure; your answer need not copy the model. A partner or teacher must hear the spoken response to comment on pronunciation.