国际文凭组织 · IB Diploma

物理 · HL

Papers, samples and curriculum documents for this course. · ⁨本课程的文件、样卷和课程大纲。⁩

Handouts, exercise sheets and slides · ⁨讲义、练习卷与幻灯片⁩

Shared topic documents retain their source course and topic titles. Use your chosen board’s specification for coverage, tier and exam requirements. · ⁨共用专题资料保留原课程与专题名称。请按所选考试局的大纲核对内容、等级及考试要求。⁩

Handouts · ⁨讲义⁩ · A-Level Physics · ⁨A-Level 物理⁩ (25)

Exercise sheets · ⁨练习页⁩ · A-Level Physics · ⁨A-Level 物理⁩ (105)

Presentation slides · ⁨演示文稿幻灯片⁩ · A-Level Physics · ⁨A-Level 物理⁩ (25)

Course units and learning goals · ⁨课程单元与学习目标⁩

These lessons teach selected course objectives. Check the remaining coverage gaps; the material is not a complete preparation programme. · ⁨这些课程教授选定的教学目标。请检查剩余的覆盖缺口；本材料并非完整的备考方案。⁩

Lessons · ⁨课程⁩ →Vocabulary practice · ⁨词汇练习⁩ →

A.1 · Kinematics

Rate of change of displacement.
The gradient of a displacement-time graph is velocity. The area under a velocity-time graph gives displacement. A constant-acceleration formula is valid only when its assumption is justified.
Choose a positive direction and state it. Use a light gate or video with a known scale and frame interval for repeatable motion measurements. Avoid assuming hand timing is exact over very short intervals.

velocity: Rate of change of displacement
acceleration: Rate of change of velocity

A.2 · Forces and momentum

Mass multiplied by velocity.
Impulse equals momentum change. Increasing stopping time for the same momentum change reduces average force. Identify external forces before applying momentum conservation.
Draw a free-body diagram containing only forces on the selected object. For spring measurements, add loads in steps within the elastic range and measure extension from the unloaded position.

momentum: Mass multiplied by velocity
resultant force: The vector sum of forces on an object

A.3 · Work, energy and power

Energy transferred per unit time.
Define the system and useful output before calculating efficiency. Doubling speed quadruples kinetic energy at constant mass. Power describes transfer per time, not total energy.
Measure a lifting height and load, time the lift, and record electrical input with suitable instruments. Repeat trials and account for heating or friction as transfers, not missing energy.

power · ⁨权力⁩: Energy transferred per unit time
efficiency · ⁨效率⁩: Useful output divided by total input

A.4 · Rigid body mechanics

Turning effect about an axis.
For a rigid body about a fixed axis, net torque equals moment of inertia multiplied by angular acceleration. Rotational kinetic energy depends on angular speed squared. Angular momentum is conserved when net external torque is zero.
Draw the pivot, force direction and perpendicular lever arm. Do not use the sloping distance from pivot to force point unless it is perpendicular to the force. For experiments, keep rotating parts guarded and loads secure.

torque: Turning effect about an axis
moment of inertia: Resistance to angular acceleration about a specified axis

A.5 · Galilean and special relativity

Time between events measured at one location in a frame.
The Lorentz factor is 1 divided by the square root of 1 minus speed squared over light speed squared. Galilean velocity addition is an approximation for speeds much smaller than light speed.
Label which frame measures proper time or proper length before substituting. Use event coordinates consistently. Do not combine lengths from one frame with time intervals from another without transformation.

proper time: Time between events measured at one location in a frame
inertial frame: A frame in which a free body moves at constant velocity

B.1 · Thermal energy transfers

Energy per mass per temperature rise.
Temperature relates to particle motion in a model; internal energy includes kinetic and potential contributions. During a change of state, energy can change particle arrangements rather than temperature.
Measure mass, electrical input and temperature change for an insulated block. Ensure the temperature sensor has good contact, allow time for equilibration, and consider energy transferred to the surroundings.

specific heat capacity: Energy per mass per temperature rise
latent heat · ⁨潜热⁩: Energy associated with a change of state

B.2 · Greenhouse effect

Actions addressing causes of environmental change.
Distinguish mitigation, which addresses drivers, from adaptation, which reduces harm from impacts. A policy assessment needs evidence about effectiveness, cost, equity and uncertainty; one criterion is not the entire decision.
Compare multi-year data using consistent baselines. State the region, timescale and uncertainty. At HL, connect a management decision to law, economics and ethics rather than treating these lenses as extra definitions only.

mitigation: Actions addressing causes of environmental change
adaptation: Actions reducing harm from environmental impacts

B.3 · Gas laws

Temperature on the kelvin scale.
At fixed amount and volume, pressure is proportional to kelvin temperature. At fixed temperature and amount, pressure is inversely proportional to volume. State which quantities are fixed before choosing a relationship.
Use approved apparatus with a temperature range and pressure limit set by the teacher. Allow thermal equilibrium and record pressure against kelvin temperature. Never heat an improvised sealed vessel.

absolute temperature: Temperature on the kelvin scale
ideal gas: A gas model with specified simplifying assumptions

B.4 · Thermodynamics

A process with no heat transfer.
State a sign convention before using the first law. Here change in internal energy equals heat into the system minus work done by the system. Expansion work can reduce internal energy when no heat enters.
Identify whether a process is isothermal, adiabatic or at constant volume. On a pressure-volume graph, area under the process curve gives work done by the gas. The path matters for work even when endpoints match.

adiabatic: A process with no heat transfer
internal energy: Total microscopic kinetic and potential energy of a system

B.5 · Current and circuits

Rate of flow of charge.
Current is the same through components in series. Potential differences add around the series path. In parallel, branches share the same potential difference, while branch currents sum at a junction.
Place an ammeter in series and a voltmeter in parallel. For an I-V investigation, change voltage in steps, reverse polarity when appropriate and limit current to reduce heating.

current · ⁨电流⁩: Rate of flow of charge
potential difference: Energy transferred per unit charge

C.1 · Simple harmonic motion

A large response to periodic forcing near a natural frequency.
Velocity is greatest near equilibrium for ideal SHM, while acceleration magnitude is greatest at extreme displacement. Resonance can occur near the natural frequency under periodic driving, with amplitude limited by damping.
Measure time for several complete oscillations and divide. Define a cycle consistently and use a small displacement when the model requires it. Keep pendulum paths clear and record damping effects rather than assuming perfect motion.

resonance · ⁨共振⁩: A large response to periodic forcing near a natural frequency
damping: Energy transfer out of an oscillating system

C.2 · Wave model

Distance between successive points in phase.
At a boundary, frequency stays fixed by the source. A change of speed changes wavelength. Refraction follows from speed differences; angles are measured from the normal.
Measure several wavelengths and divide to reduce fractional reading uncertainty. Use a ray box with a normal drawn at the boundary. Keep the beam away from eyes and record incident and refracted angles clearly.

wavelength · ⁨波长⁩: Distance between successive points in phase
frequency · ⁨频率⁩: Number of oscillations per unit time

C.3 · Wave phenomena

Distance between successive points in phase.
At a boundary, frequency stays fixed by the source. A change of speed changes wavelength. Refraction follows from speed differences; angles are measured from the normal.
Measure several wavelengths and divide to reduce fractional reading uncertainty. Use a ray box with a normal drawn at the boundary. Keep the beam away from eyes and record incident and refracted angles clearly.

wavelength · ⁨波长⁩: Distance between successive points in phase
frequency · ⁨频率⁩: Number of oscillations per unit time

C.4 · Standing waves and resonance

A large response to periodic forcing near a natural frequency.
Velocity is greatest near equilibrium for ideal SHM, while acceleration magnitude is greatest at extreme displacement. Resonance can occur near the natural frequency under periodic driving, with amplitude limited by damping.
Measure time for several complete oscillations and divide. Define a cycle consistently and use a small displacement when the model requires it. Keep pendulum paths clear and record damping effects rather than assuming perfect motion.

resonance · ⁨共振⁩: A large response to periodic forcing near a natural frequency
damping: Energy transfer out of an oscillating system

C.5 · Doppler effect

Shift of an identified line toward longer wavelength.
Compare a identified line with its laboratory rest wavelength. Use z = (observed−rest)/rest, then v approximately cz in the stated low-speed model. Do not apply this approximation without checking the regime or treating a cosmological redshift as a simple exact velocity.
Use attributed spectra with calibration and line identification. Compare several lines for a consistent shift. State uncertainty and distinguish relative line-of-sight motion from an unmeasured transverse component.
Change of observed frequency due to relative motion.
For a source approaching a stationary observer along the line of sight, f observed = f source × v/(v−v source). Recession uses v+v source in the denominator. These are sound-wave models; light requires its appropriate relation.
Use a simulation or recorded data with stated source and observer directions. Draw wavefronts before choosing signs. Avoid demonstrations near moving traffic or unsafe high-volume sources.

redshift: Shift of an identified line toward longer wavelength
rest wavelength: Wavelength of the line measured with no relative source motion
Doppler shift: Change of observed frequency due to relative motion
wavefront: A surface joining points with the same wave phase

D.1 · Gravitational fields

A description of gravitational force per unit mass.
For a point mass or outside a spherical mass, field strength follows an inverse-square distance dependence. Use distance from the centre, not height above the surface alone.
State the circular-orbit approximation and ignore atmospheric drag only when justified. Draw the force toward the central body and velocity tangential to the orbit. Do not add an outward force merely because the path is circular.

gravitational field: A description of gravitational force per unit mass
centripetal force: Net force toward the centre of a curved path

D.2 · Electric and magnetic fields

Electric force per unit positive test charge.
In a uniform field between ideal parallel plates, E = V/d away from edge effects. The force is F = qE, so its direction reverses for a negative charge. Coulomb force between ideal point charges decreases with separation squared.
Sketch labelled plate polarities, field arrows and the charge before calculating. Convert separation to metres. In school, use simulations or approved low-voltage electrostatic models rather than exposed high-voltage equipment.

electric field strength: Electric force per unit positive test charge
test charge: A small charge used to probe an electric field

D.3 · Motion in electromagnetic fields

Force due to a magnetic field on a moving charge or current.
Equate magnetic force with mv²/r to obtain r = mv/(|q|B) for perpendicular motion. A stronger field makes a smaller radius at fixed momentum. Parallel entry gives zero magnetic force in this model.
Draw velocity, field and force as separate arrows using stated into/out-of-page conventions. Use supplied beam data or a simulation. Do not treat a current-carrying wire direction as identical to electron-motion direction.

magnetic force: Force due to a magnetic field on a moving charge or current
momentum: Mass multiplied by velocity in the classical model

D.4 · Induction

Creation of emf by changing flux linkage.
Changing field strength, coil area, orientation or relative motion can change flux linkage. Lenz law describes an induced effect opposing the change producing it, consistent with energy conservation.
Use a coil and sensitive meter to compare magnet motion in each direction. Record that a stationary arrangement gives no induced signal. Use approved low-voltage supplies for motor demonstrations.

induction: Creation of emf by changing flux linkage
transformer: A device transferring energy between coils through changing flux

E.1 · Structure of the atom

Wavelength pattern of radiation emitted by a source.
An emitted photon corresponds to a transition to a lower energy level. Absorption requires a compatible energy difference. Rutherford scattering supported a small dense nucleus, but that experiment alone did not establish the complete quantum model.
Read a labelled energy-level diagram before calculating. Keep joules and electronvolts distinct and use the given constants. Compare attributed spectra at a common wavelength scale and avoid looking at unsafe light sources.

emission spectrum: Wavelength pattern of radiation emitted by a source
energy level: An allowed energy state in a model

E.2 · Quantum physics

A quantum of electromagnetic radiation.
Use photon energy = Planck constant × frequency. Maximum kinetic energy = photon energy - work function. Increasing intensity at fixed frequency increases photon arrival rate, not individual photon energy.
Read axes carefully on a stopping-potential or kinetic-energy graph. Identify threshold frequency from the zero-energy intercept. State the metal and experimental conditions because work function is material-specific.

photon: A quantum of electromagnetic radiation
work function: Minimum surface energy needed to release an electron

E.3 · Radioactive decay

Time for activity or undecayed population to halve.
Subtract background counts measured over the same time interval. Distinguish irradiation from contamination. Shielding, distance and reduced exposure time can reduce risk under a school-controlled procedure.
Use teacher-managed sources and the school radiation rules. Record count duration and repeat background measurements. Do not extrapolate a half-life from one nucleus or from uncorrected readings.

half-life: Time for activity or undecayed population to halve
background radiation: Radiation measured apart from the investigated source

E.4 · Fission

Splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei.
Separate conservation of nucleon number from conservation of total energy. Released neutrons may initiate further fissions, escape or be absorbed. A controlled reactor and an uncontrolled chain reaction have different neutron-management conditions.
Balance a supplied nuclear equation, use the specified mass data and identify the system. Analyse models or published reactor data; this is not a school attempt to produce fission or handle reactor materials.

fission: Splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei
chain reaction: A sequence in which products initiate further events

E.5 · Fusion and stars

Total emitted power.
For isotropic emission without absorption, flux follows an inverse-square relationship with distance. Observed brightness alone therefore cannot establish luminosity.
Keep distance units consistent, identify which quantities are intrinsic to the star, and distinguish observational evidence from a model of stellar evolution. Do not confuse a red giant stage with every possible final remnant.

luminosity · ⁨光度⁩: Total emitted power
flux: Power received per unit area

Practical · Experimental programme

A quantified limitation on a measured result.
For a product or quotient, adding fractional uncertainties is a common maximum-uncertainty approximation. For a difference, add absolute uncertainties. A nonzero intercept can reveal an offset or an incomplete model.
Show units on axes and choose a sensible scale. Plot uncertainty bars where justified, draw a best-fit line rather than joining every point, and estimate steepest and shallowest plausible gradients when the course method calls for them.

uncertainty: A quantified limitation on a measured result
systematic error: A consistent measurement bias

Preparing for this qualification · ⁨备考指南⁩

Use themes A–E and no old optional-topic model.
SL excludes A.4, A.5, B.4, D.4 and E.2. A.2, B.5, C.1/C.3/C.5, D.1/D.2 and E.1/E.3 include additional HL scope.
SL Paper 1: 1.5 h, Paper 2: 1.5 h; HL: 2 h, 2.5 h. Papers weigh 36% and 44%; individual investigation 20%, 3,000 words.
A clean current Physics data booklet and calculator are available in examinations; the booklet itself remains an acquisition item.
Practical work 40 h plus collaborative sciences project 10 h and investigation 10 h.

Teaching coverage still needed · ⁨仍需教学覆盖内容⁩

Remaining understandings and guidance in the acquired 2025 Physics guide require complete authored coverage; retain AHL detail within mixed topics.
All tools/inquiry objectives and data booklet require complete assessment-linked coverage.

Specifications and sample documents · ⁨课程大纲和样件文件⁩

物理 — 课程指南 · 2025 ↗
First assessment: 2025
物理 — 课程简介 · 2025 ↗
First assessment: 2025

Course materials · ⁨课程资料⁩

Course preparation · ⁨课程准备⁩

Documents are available. Board-specific notes, assessments and interactive past-paper practice are not yet available for every course. · ⁨文档已提供。并非所有课程都具备考试局特定的注释、测评及交互式历年真题练习。⁩

Lessons · ⁨课程⁩ →