Anthropological practice
International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Social and Cultural Anthropology · SL Topic 3 3:36 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
Chapters
Transcript
In 1958 Clifford Geertz and his wife arrived in a village in Bali.
1958 年，格尔茨夫妇来到印度尼西亚巴厘岛的一个村子。
For days the villagers ignored them, as if they were invisible.
一连几天，村民都不理他们，好像他们是透明的。
Then they went to watch a cockfight, which was illegal.
后来他们去看了一场当时违法的斗鸡。
The police arrived, everyone ran, and the Geertzes ran too, hiding in a courtyard and pretending to drink tea.
警察来了，大家四散奔逃，格尔茨夫妇也跟着跑，躲进一户人家的院子里假装喝茶。
The next morning the whole village was talking about them, and from that day people talked to them.
第二天全村都在谈论这两个外国人，从那天起，人们开始跟他们说话。
Fieldwork depends on rapport, trust between the researcher and the people studied.
田野工作靠的是融洽关系，也就是研究者和被研究者之间的信任。
The internal assessment asks you to do anthropology yourself, fieldwork in a real setting near you.
内部评估要求你亲自做人类学：在身边一个真实场景里做田野调查。
At SL it is limited fieldwork, about thirty hours and twenty per cent, in four parts. At HL it is a fuller project, about sixty hours and twenty-five per cent, in three parts.
SL 是有限的田野调查，约三十小时，占百分之二十，分四部分；HL 是更完整的项目，约六十小时，占百分之二十五，分三部分。
Both need the same skills, a setting and a concept, a focused question, methods, data, ethics and reflection.
两个级别需要同样的能力：场景与概念、聚焦的问题、方法、数据、伦理和反思。
Choose a setting you can visit several times, legally and safely, such as a canteen, a market, a bus stop or a park where older people dance in the evening.
选择一个你能合法、安全地多次前往的场景，比如食堂、市场、公交站，或者老人们傍晚跳舞的公园。
Link it to one key concept, and ask a question that observation can answer.
把它和一个核心概念联系起来，提一个通过观察能回答的问题。
What is Chinese culture is far too wide. How students share the narrow door between lessons is a question you can watch.
“什么是中国文化”太宽泛了；“学生在课间怎样共用那扇窄门”才是一个你能观察的问题。
Use four methods.
用四种方法。
Field notes, which keep what you see apart from what you think it means.
田野笔记：把你看到的和你认为它意味着什么分开写。
Observation of the same place at the same time on several days, so you see patterns, not one-off events.
观察：在几天里的同一时间观察同一地点，看到规律而不是偶然事件。
Short interviews with open questions, which bring in the emic view.
访谈：用简短的开放式问题，带来主位视角。
And maps and counts, a plan of the space with flows of people and tallies of a behaviour.
地图和计数：画出空间平面和人流，统计某种行为的次数。
Here is worked fieldwork.
这是一个示范田野调查。
The question is how students share the narrow door between lessons.
问题是：课间学生怎样共用那扇窄门？
The methods are a flow map at the same minute on five days, a count of who holds the door for whom, and three short interviews.
方法是连续五天在同一分钟画人流图，统计谁为谁扶门，再做三次简短访谈。
The finding is that older students pass first, younger students wait without being told, and a queue forms by itself.
发现是高年级学生先过，低年级学生不用人说就会等，队伍自然形成。
The concepts are power, because age gives priority, and social relations, an unwritten rule everyone knows.
概念是权力，因为年龄带来优先；还有社会关系，一条人人都懂的不成文规矩。
Three ethical rules apply.
要遵守三条伦理规则。
Informed consent, tell people what you are studying and ask before interviews, and they can stop at any time.
知情同意：告诉别人你在研究什么，访谈前征得同意，他们随时可以退出。
Anonymity, no real names or photographs of faces, record flows and numbers, not identities.
匿名：不用真名，不拍人脸，只记录人流和数字，不记录身份。
And do no harm, do not observe private places, and report nothing that could get a person into trouble.
不造成伤害：不观察私密场所，不报告任何可能给人带来麻烦的内容。
Positionality means your position in the setting.
立场指你在场景中的位置。
At your own school you are an insider. You have easy access and you understand the rules.
在自己学校，你是局内人：进入容易，也懂规矩。
But you may not notice things that seem normal to you, and other students may tell you what they think you want to hear.
但你可能注意不到那些在你看来很正常的事，其他同学也可能说他们认为你想听的话。
Name your position in the reflection, and say how it affected your data.
在反思中说明你的立场，以及它如何影响了你的数据。
The reflection is where you think like an anthropologist about your own work.
反思是你像人类学家一样审视自己工作的地方。
What did each method show, and what could it not?
每种方法说明了什么、说明不了什么？
The flow map showed who went first, but only the interviews showed why.
人流图显示了谁先过门，但只有访谈揭示了原因。
How did your position shape what you saw?
你的立场如何影响了你看到的？
What ethical choices did you make?
你做了哪些伦理选择？
And what would you change in a second round?
第二轮调查你会改变什么？
Check yourself without notes. List the parts of the task at your level, focus a wide question about a park, choose two methods and what each cannot show, and state the ethical rules and your own position.
不看笔记自测：列出你所在级别任务的各部分和占比；把一个关于公园的宽泛问题聚焦；选两种方法并说出各自看不到什么；再说出三条伦理规则和你自己的立场。