Hormones, stress and behavioural regulation
GRE Subject Test · GRE Psychology Topic 25 4:11 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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The HPA sequence connects hypothalamic CRH, pituitary ACTH and adrenal-cortex cortisol.
HPA轴连接下丘脑CRH、垂体ACTH和肾上腺皮质皮质醇。
Cortisol participates in feedback that can inhibit upstream release.
皮质醇参与反馈调节，可抑制上游释放。
Sympathetic-adrenal responses can act more quickly.
交感-肾上腺反应作用更快。
Neural and endocrine signalling overlap in function; timing is a useful tendency, not an absolute fast/slow division.
神经与内分泌信号在功能上存在重叠；时间上的快慢是一种有用的倾向，而非绝对的快速或缓慢划分。
Circulating hormones act selectively because target cells differ in receptors.
循环激素具有选择性作用，因为靶细胞表面的受体不同。
Chronic stress involves multiple pathways and cannot be reduced to one inevitable cortisol effect.
慢性应激涉及多条通路，不能简化为单一的必然皮质醇效应。
The stress response runs on two clocks.
压力反应由两套时钟驱动。
The fast sympathetic-adrenal-medullary path releases adrenaline within seconds; the slower HPA axis runs hypothalamus (CRH) to pituitary (ACTH) to adrenal cortex (cortisol) over minutes, mobilising energy and suppressing non-urgent functions.
快速的交感-肾上腺-髓质通路在数秒内释放肾上腺素。 较慢的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质轴则经过下丘脑分泌CRH，到垂体分泌ACTH，再到肾上腺皮质分泌皮质醇，整个过程耗时数分钟，从而调动能量并抑制非紧急功能。
Chronic stress can affect health through several interacting pathways; cortisol is one part of this regulation, not a single inevitable cause.
慢性压力可通过多种相互作用途径影响健康。 皮质醇只是这一调节机制的一部分，而非唯一必然的致病原因。
Key regulatory hormones: progesterone prepares and maintains the uterine lining for implantation; oxytocin drives labour contractions and milk let-down and is linked to bonding; melatonin times sleep-wake cycles; insulin and glucagon manage blood glucose in opposition. Match the hormone to the loop it serves, not to a vague mood label.
关键调节激素：孕酮为着床做准备并维持子宫内膜。 催产素驱动宫缩和乳汁排出，并与依恋行为相关。 褪黑素调节睡眠-觉醒周期。 胰岛素和胰高血糖素以拮抗方式管理血糖水平。 请将激素与其所服务的回路相匹配，而非模糊的情绪标签。
Hormones differ from neural signals in timing and targeting: neural signalling is often faster and spatially directed; hormonal signalling often acts over longer times through circulation.
激素在作用时间和靶向上与神经信号不同。 神经信号通常更快且具有空间指向性；激素信号则通过循环系统，作用时间较长。
These are tendencies with exceptions, not an absolute division.
这些是普遍趋势，存在例外，并非绝对界限。
Only cells carrying the matching receptor respond, so a circulating hormone can still be selective.
只有携带相应受体的细胞才会响应，因此循环中的激素仍具有选择性。
Feedback keeps the system bounded: cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH release (negative feedback), so the axis ramps down when the stressor passes.
反馈机制使系统保持平衡：皮质醇抑制CRH和ACTH的释放，这属于负反馈。 当压力源消失时，该轴系会减弱。
Feedback failure or chronic activation — not the hormone itself — is what turns an adaptive response into a liability.
反馈失败或慢性激活，而非激素本身，才是将适应性反应转变为负担的原因。
Order CRH, ACTH and cortisol by their place in the HPA pathway, then explain negative feedback without calling cortisol harmful in itself.
根据HPA通路中的位置，对CRH、ACTH和皮质醇进行排序。 然后解释负反馈机制，但不要把皮质醇本身描述为有害物质。
Hypothalamus releases CRH, which stimulates pituitary ACTH, which stimulates adrenal-cortex cortisol.
下丘脑释放CRH，刺激垂体分泌ACTH，进而刺激肾上腺皮质分泌皮质醇。
Cortisol can inhibit upstream signalling, helping regulate the response.
皮质醇可以抑制上游信号传导，从而帮助调节反应。
This adaptive control differs from saying the hormone is always harmful.
这种适应性控制不同于认为该激素总是有害的说法。
Repeated activation, context and regulation matter.
重复激活、情境和调节都很重要。
Cortisol's negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary limits the stress response.
皮质醇对下丘脑和垂体的负反馈限制了应激反应。
Read the labels before drawing a conclusion.
先读清标签，再下结论。
A hormone reaches many organs but affects only some cells.
激素可到达许多器官，但仅影响部分细胞。
Explain why broad circulation and selective effects are compatible.
请解释为何广泛循环与选择性效应可以共存。
Pause before the model.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。
Blood distributes the signal widely, but cells need suitable receptors and downstream machinery to respond.
血液将信号广泛分布，但细胞需要合适的受体和下游机制才能作出反应。
The presence of hormone alone does not establish the same effect in every tissue.
仅激素的存在并不能在所有组织中产生相同的效果。
A useful investigation measures receptor context and a specified response, rather than inferring behaviour directly from a circulating concentration.
一项有用的研究应测量受体环境和特定反应，而不是直接从循环浓度推断行为。
Assigning a hormone a single emotion, or forgetting receptor selectivity; hormones broadcast but only receptor-bearing cells answer.
将一种激素与单一情绪挂钩，或忽视受体选择性。 激素会广泛传递信号，但只有携带受体的细胞才会响应。
State the source and the limits.
请说明其来源及局限性。
A stress marker rises alongside sleep loss.
压力标志物与睡眠不足同时升高。
What design would distinguish their contributions to performance?
何种实验设计能够区分二者对表现的影响？
Pause and write a justified answer.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。