Lịch sử: nguồn tài liệu và môn học bắt buộc
Tổ chức Baccalaureate Quốc tế · IB Diploma · History · SL Chủ đề 1 5:55 Giọng đọc tiếng Anh · phụ đề tiếng Anh + 中文 được ghi trực tiếp
Chương
Biên bản ghi âm
On the twentieth of September 1939 a London newspaper printed a cartoon by David Low.
1939 年 9 月 20 日，伦敦一家报纸刊登了戴维·洛的漫画。
Hitler and Stalin bow politely over the body of a dead soldier, Poland.
希特勒和斯大林在一名阵亡士兵（波兰）的尸体上礼貌地鞠躬。
Hitler says: the scum of the earth, I believe?
希特勒说：“我想，您就是人渣吧？”
Stalin answers: the bloody assassin of the workers, I presume?
斯大林答：“我猜，您就是杀害工人的血腥刺客吧？”
Two enemies had just signed a pact, and neither trusted the other.
两个敌人刚签了条约，彼此却都不信任对方。
A historian reading the cartoon learns little about the pact's details, but a lot about how the British saw it.
历史学家读这幅漫画，对条约细节所知甚少，却能了解英国人如何看待它。
That is the skill Paper 1 tests: what a source can and cannot tell you.
这正是试卷一考查的能力：一份史料能告诉你什么、不能告诉你什么。
Paper 1 is the source paper, sat at both levels.
试卷一是史料题，两个级别都要考。
You read four sources on one case study and answer four questions in one hour, for twenty-four marks.
你阅读同一案例的四份史料，在一小时内回答四道题，共 24 分。
The marks rise from question to question, so the last one deserves the most time.
分值逐题递增，所以最后一题最值得花时间。
The sources mix primary sources, made at the time, such as speeches, letters, photographs and cartoons, and secondary sources, written later by historians.
史料混合了一手史料，即当时产生的演讲、信件、照片和漫画，以及二手史料，即历史学家后来写的著作。
Question one uses only the source.
第一题只用史料本身。
Part a, three marks: three separate points, each with a short quotation.
(a) 部分三分：三个独立要点，每点配一句简短引文。
Part b, two marks: the main message of the cartoon or poster, with two details that show it.
(b) 部分两分：漫画或海报的主要信息，并用两个细节证明。
Your own knowledge earns nothing here.
这里你自己的知识不得分。
For question two, use four ideas.
第二题用四个概念。
Origin: who made it, when, where, and what type of source.
来源：谁、何时、何地制作，属于什么类型。
Purpose: why it was made, and for whom.
目的：为何制作、给谁看。
Value: what it can reliably tell a historian.
价值：它能可靠地告诉历史学家什么。
Limitation: what it cannot show, or where it may mislead.
局限：它不能显示什么，或在哪里可能误导。
Value and limitation always depend on the question.
价值和局限总取决于你提出的问题。
A propaganda poster is poor evidence of how people really lived, but excellent evidence of what a government wanted them to believe.
宣传海报不能很好地说明人们真实的生活，却是政府希望人们相信什么的极好证据。
So never write that a source is biased and therefore useless.
所以绝不要写“这份史料有偏见，所以没用”。
The Lytton Report.
李顿报告。
Value: the commission visited Manchuria in 1932, soon after the events, and heard both Chinese and Japanese views.
价值：调查团在 1932 年事发后不久访问满洲，听取了中日双方的意见。
Its purpose, giving the League facts to act on, made it careful and detailed.
它的目的是给国联提供行动依据，因此谨慎而详细。
Limitation: written for diplomats, it is cautious so as not to close the door to Japan, and it cannot show how members would respond.
局限：它写给外交界看，措辞谨慎，以免把日本拒之门外；也无法显示各成员国将如何回应。
For question three, compare means find similarities, contrast means find differences.
第三题中，比较是找相同点，对比是找不同点。
Link the two sources in every point: both show that Britain wanted to avoid war in 1938, but one presents this as wise, the other as weakness.
每个要点都要把两份史料连起来：两者都显示英国在 1938 年想避免战争，但一份说这是明智的，另一份说这是软弱。
Describing one source, then the other, earns few marks.
先描述一份、再描述另一份，得分很少。
Question four is a short essay: a thesis in the first sentence; two or three paragraphs that each use a named source together with your own facts; at least three of the four sources; and a judgement at the end.
第四题是一篇短文：第一句写论点；两三段，每段把一份点名的史料和你自己的史实结合；至少用到四份史料中的三份；结尾给出判断。
Schools choose one of five prescribed subjects, each with two case studies from different regions.
学校从五个规定专题中选一个，每个专题有两个来自不同地区的案例。
Every exam puts all four sources on one case study, so you must know both.
每次考试的四份史料都出自一个案例，所以两个案例都要掌握。
The most taught choice is the move to global war.
最常选的是“走向全球战争”。
After the First World War, the League of Nations was meant to keep the peace by collective security. If one state attacked another, all members would act together against it: first with economic sanctions, and if needed, with force.
一战后，国际联盟本应通过集体安全维护和平：一国进攻另一国，所有成员一起对付它，先用经济制裁，必要时用武力。
In the 1930s it failed.
20 世纪 30 年代它失败了。
The key question is why.
关键问题是：为什么？
In 1931 Japanese officers blew up a railway line at Mukden and blamed China; the army took Manchuria.
1931 年，日本军官在沈阳附近炸毁铁路并嫁祸中国，日军占领满洲。
Japan left the League in 1933.
1933 年日本退出国联。
In 1937 full war with China began.
1937 年全面侵华战争爆发。
In 1940 Japan joined Germany and Italy.
1940 年日本与德意结盟。
In 1941 the United States stopped its oil, and on the seventh of December Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
1941 年美国停止对日石油出口，12 月 7 日日本袭击珍珠港。
Germany left the League in 1933.
1933 年德国退出国联。
In 1935 Italy invaded Abyssinia, and the League's sanctions left out oil.
1935 年意大利入侵阿比西尼亚，国联制裁却不包括石油。
In 1936 German troops entered the Rhineland.
1936 年德军进入莱茵兰。
In 1938 came the Anschluss with Austria and the Munich Agreement.
1938 年德奥合并，签订慕尼黑协定。
In 1939 Germany invaded Poland, and Britain and France declared war.
1939 年德国入侵波兰，英法宣战。
In 1940 France fell.
1940 年法国投降。
Historians weigh several causes. The Great Depression hit Japan's silk exports and made Manchuria's resources attractive. The army grew more powerful than the civilian government. Nationalism grew. And the League had no army, and its most powerful members did not act.
历史学家权衡多种原因：大萧条打击了日本的丝绸出口，使满洲的资源更有吸引力；军队的力量压过文官政府；民族主义高涨；国联没有军队，最强大的成员国也不行动。
Britain and France followed appeasement: giving in to some demands to avoid war.
英法奉行绥靖政策：满足部分要求以避免战争。
The reasons: the memory of the First World War, economic weakness, a belief that Versailles had been too harsh, and the need for time to rearm.
原因有：一战的记忆、经济虚弱、认为凡尔赛和约过于苛刻，以及需要时间重整军备。
A worked plan.
一个提纲。
Thesis: largely true; the League had tools, but Britain and France put their own interests first.
论点：大体正确，国联有手段，但英法把自身利益放在首位。
Manchuria: the League investigated, but no member would fight Japan so far away.
满洲：国联做了调查，但没有成员国愿意远赴那里与日本作战。
Abyssinia: sanctions without oil, and the Hoare–Laval Plan.
阿比西尼亚：制裁不含石油，还有霍尔—赖伐尔计划。
Counter-argument: the League had no army, and the United States never joined.
反方：国联没有军队，美国从未加入。
Judgement: its structure made failure likely, but its members' choices made it certain.
判断：结构缺陷使失败可能，成员国的选择使失败必然。
To finish: question one from the source only; question two with OPVL tied to origin and purpose; question three point by point; question four with a thesis, sources, your own knowledge and a judgement; and for the move to global war, collective security, the two timelines and appeasement.
总结：第一题只看史料；第二题用 OPVL，联系来源和目的；第三题逐点比较；第四题有论点、史料、自己的知识和判断；走向全球战争部分：集体安全、两条时间线和绥靖政策。