Photoelectron, khối lượng rút gọn và kích thích nguyên tử
GRE Subject Test · GRE Physics Chủ đề 23 6:02 Giọng đọc tiếng Anh · phụ đề tiếng Anh + 中文 được ghi trực tiếp
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Repeated, equally spaced current dips can mean the same excitation energy lost again and again, not a ladder of different atomic levels.
重复出现、间隔相等的电流下降，可能表示同一份激发能被一次又一次地损失，而不是一串不同的原子能级。
This topic separates photoelectric thresholds from characteristic X rays, applies reduced-mass scaling and many-electron spin filling, and reads Franck-Hertz spacing without inventing new levels.
本主题区分光电阈值与特征 X 射线，应用约化质量标度和多电子自旋填充，并在不虚构新能级的前提下解读弗兰克-赫兹间隔。
The photoelectric maximum kinetic energy is K max equals h nu minus phi, for photon frequency above the threshold nu nought, which equals phi over h.
光电最大动能为K_max等于hν减去φ，适用于光子频率高于阈值ν_0等于φ除以h的情况。
A stopping-potential magnitude satisfies e V s equals K max, so V s is linear in nu above threshold.
遏止电势幅值满足eV_s等于K_max，因此V_s在阈值以上与ν呈线性关系。
Increasing intensity at fixed frequency increases the available photon count and usually the photocurrent, not the maximum photoelectron energy.
在固定频率下增加光强会增加可用光子数量并通常增大光电流，但不会增加最大光电子能量。
Below threshold the simple one-photon model emits no photoelectrons regardless of intensity.
低于阈值时，简单的单光子模型无论光强多大都不会发射光电子。
Work function is a property of the surface, not proportional to the illumination frequency.
功函数是表面的属性，不与照明频率成正比。
Characteristic X rays result when an electron fills an inner-shell vacancy, emitting a photon equal to the shell energy difference.
特征X射线产生于电子填充内层空位时，发射的光子能量等于壳层能级差。
Their sharp lines depend on target atoms.
其尖锐谱线取决于靶原子。
Bremsstrahlung arises from deceleration of energetic electrons in nuclear electric fields and produces a continuous background, with an energy endpoint set by the incident electron energy.
轫致辐射源于高能电子在核电场中的减速过程，产生连续背景，其能量上限由入射电子能量决定。
A continuous background and discrete lines can appear together; the existence of one does not exclude the other.
连续背景与离散谱线可同时出现；一种机制的存在并不排除另一种。
These mechanisms differ from visible fluorescence, phonon scattering and particle capture.
这些机制不同于可见荧光、声子散射和粒子俘获。
For a hydrogen-like two-body atom, replace electron mass by reduced mass mu equals m sub e M divided by m sub e plus M.
对于类氢双体原子，用约化质量μ等于m_e乘以M除以m_e加M来替代电子质量。
In the simple Coulomb model, level energies scale as negative mu Z squared over n squared, so spectral frequencies scale as mu Z squared and wavelengths inversely.
在简单的库仑模型中，能级能量按负μZ平方除以n平方的比例缩放，因此光谱频率按μZ平方比例缩放，波长则成反比缩放。
For positronium, M equals m sub e, mu equals m sub e over 2, and its Rydberg constant is half the infinite nuclear mass value.
对于正电子素，M等于m_e，μ等于m_e除以2，其里德伯常数是无限核质量值的一半。
For a heavy nucleus, mu approaches m sub e.
对于重核，μ趋近于m_e。
In many-electron atoms, use orbital filling and Hund's rule rather than the hydrogen model: degenerate orbitals are occupied singly with parallel spins before pairing.
在多电子原子中，应使用轨道填充和洪特规则，而非氢原子模型：简并轨道先以平行自旋单占据，然后再配对。
Carbon's 2p squared gives two unpaired electrons and total spin S equals 1; oxygen's 2p superscript 4 has two unpaired electrons and also S equals 1.
碳的2p²给出两个未配对电子，总自旋S等于1；氧的2p⁴也有两个未配对电子，且S也等于1。
Filled pairs contribute zero net spin.
成对电子贡献的净自旋为零。
In Franck–Hertz experiments, accelerated electrons lose energy through inelastic excitation once they reach an atomic threshold.
在弗兰克-赫兹实验中，加速电子一旦达到原子阈值，就会通过非弹性激发损失能量。
Repeated current-dip or peak spacing in accelerating voltage can therefore identify the same excitation energy lost one, two or more times.
因此，加速电压中重复出现的电流谷值或峰值间距可以识别同一激发能损失一次、两次或多次的情况。
A spacing ΔV corresponds to energy eΔV; peaks at 4,8,12 V need not represent three separate excited-level energies.
间距 ΔV 对应能量 eΔV。 在 4、8、12 伏特处的峰值不一定代表三个独立的激发态能级。
Contact potentials and retarding fields can shift absolute peak positions, so use the spacing and stated apparatus conditions.
接触电势和减速场可能会移动绝对峰值位置，因此请使用间距及所陈述的装置条件。
If the excited atom returns by one photon of that energy, wavelength is hc/(eΔV).
如果受激原子通过发射一个该能量的光子返回基态，则波长为 hc/(eΔV)。
The maximum kinetic energy is h nu minus the work function phi, and the stopping potential satisfies e V s equals K max.
最大动能等于 h ν 减去逸出功 φ，遏止电压满足 e 乘 V_s 等于 K_max。
For 4.5 electron volt photons on a 2.0 electron volt surface, K max is 2.5 electron volts, so the stopping potential is 2.5 volts.
4.5 电子伏的光子照射逸出功为 2.0 电子伏的表面时，K_max 是 2.5 电子伏，所以遏止电压是 2.5 伏。
Brighter light of the same frequency changes the rate, not this maximum.
同一频率下更强的光只改变电子的产生速率，不改变这个最大值。
Compare the same hydrogenic transition for nuclear masses M equals 10 m sub e and M equals 20 m sub e, with equal Z.
比较核质量分别为 M = 10m_e 和 M = 20m_e、且原子序数 Z 相同的同一类氢跃迁。
Find the ratio of photon frequencies and wavelengths using reduced mass.
利用约化质量求光子频率与波长的比值。
Explain the infinite-nuclear-mass limit.
解释无限核质量极限。
Mu equals m sub e times M, all over m sub e plus M, gives mu sub 1 equals 10 m sub e over 11 and mu sub 2 equals 20 m sub e over 21.
μ = m_e M / (m_e + M) 给出 μ_1 = 10 m_e / 11 和 μ_2 = 20 m_e / 21。
Nu sub 2 divided by nu sub 1 equals mu sub 2 divided by mu sub 1, which is 22 over 21, and lambda sub 2 divided by lambda sub 1 equals 21 over 22.
ν_2 / ν_1 = μ_2 / μ_1 = 22 / 21，且 λ_2 / λ_1 = 21 / 22。
For M approaching infinity, mu approaches m sub e from below.
当 M 趋于无穷大时，μ 从下方趋近于 m_e。
Award reduced masses, frequency ratio, inverse wavelength ratio, and limit.
请给出约化质量、频率比、波长反比及极限值。
Values describe a model, not real isotopes.
这些数值描述的是一个模型，而非真实的同位素。
Current intensity and stopping voltage answer different questions.
电流强度与遏止电压回答的是不同的问题。
Include reduced mass and orbital degeneracy, and use Franck–Hertz spacing rather than treating every peak as a new energy level.
需计入约化质量与轨道简并度，并使用弗兰克-赫兹间距，而非将每个峰都视为新的能级。
Work function, 逸出功, is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the specified surface.
逸出功，符号为下标零的希腊字母 phi。 这是从指定表面移除电子所需的最小能量。
Reduced mass, 约化质量, is the two-body effective mass, m 1 m 2 over m 1 plus m 2, for relative motion.
约化质量，符号为希腊字母 mu。 这是相对运动的二体有效质量，计算方式为 m 下标 1 乘以 m 下标 2，除以 m 下标 1 加 m 下标 2。
Retrieve the meanings without reading the definitions, then change a parameter in the original transfer and test the limiting case.
在不阅读定义的情况下回忆含义，然后改变原始传递中的一个参数并检验极限情况。