Cấu trúc văn bản, chức năng câu và mục đích tu từ
Đã giới thiệu| English | Ý nghĩa |
|---|---|
| structure/ˈstrʌktʃə/ | The way the parts of something are arranged and connected. |
| qualify/ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/ | To limit or restrict a claim. |
How is the text built?
- A short text first describes a long-held belief about dinosaurs, then a new discovery, then what the discovery changes.
- Text structure 结构 questions ask how the text develops its point and what job a sentence does — not just what the text is about.
Common structures
- Problem → solution, claim → evidence, old view → new finding, cause → effect, comparison of two things.
- Labels like "introduces", "describes", "challenges", "qualifies", "illustrates" describe moves in these structures.
A sentence's role
- Ask what the text would lose without the sentence: the problem? an example? a limit on the claim?
- "However, the sample included only adults" qualifies the finding; "For instance, one patient…" illustrates it.
Text: (1) Scientists long assumed bees cannot count. (2) In a 2018 study, bees chose the smaller of two groups of shapes. (3) This suggests bees understand "fewer". Sentence 1 presents a view the text then challenges; sentence 2 gives the evidence; sentence 3 states the conclusion.
What does each sentence do?
Identify the role of each sentence in an old-view → new-finding text.
Text: “Many believe that cold weather causes colds. In fact, colds are caused by viruses. Cold weather may play a role only because people stay indoors together.” What is the function of the last sentence?
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
It limits and explains how cold weather might still matter.
Match each sentence opening to its likely role.
Độ khó 2/5 · 140 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
Signal words reveal a sentence's role.
Purpose versus subject
- Subject: what the text is about (bees). Purpose: what it is trying to do (to present evidence against an old assumption).
- Purpose answers start with a verb: to argue, to explain, to describe, to challenge.
A text describes an old theory about how birds navigate, then reports an experiment that contradicts it. What is its main purpose?
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
The text's job is to challenge the earlier theory with new evidence.
“To discuss volcanoes” is a precise statement of purpose for a text that argues a volcano will erupt soon.
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
That names the subject; the purpose is to argue an eruption is likely.
A good purpose answer usually starts with a ____, such as “to argue” or “to explain”.
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
Purpose is what the text does.
Traps
- Topic dressed as purpose: "to discuss bees" names the subject but misses what the text does with it.
- Wrong order of moves: a choice that says the text "concludes with a problem" when it ends with a finding.
Recap
- Identify the structure (old view → finding, claim → evidence, problem → solution).
- Describe a sentence by its role (introduce, illustrate, qualify 限定, challenge) and a text by its purpose (a verb).
- qualify: To limit or restrict a claim.