Ý tưởng trung tâm, chi tiết và phạm vi của một tuyên bố
Đã giới thiệu| English | Ý nghĩa |
|---|---|
| claim/kleɪm/ | The last sentence. |
| summary/ˈsʌməri/ | A short restatement of the main points of a text. |
| qualifier/ˈkwɒlɪfaɪə/ | A word that limits a claim, such as often or some. |
The example is not the point
- A text about urban gardens spends three sentences on one rooftop farm in Tokyo, then ends: "Small urban farms can supply a meaningful share of a neighbourhood's vegetables."
- Most of the words describe Tokyo, but the central claim 论点 is the last sentence. The Tokyo farm is evidence for it.
Claim versus support
- Ask: "What is the author trying to convince me of?" That is the claim. Facts, examples and numbers that back it up are support.
- Signal words help: "This shows…", "Thus…", "In other words…" often introduce the claim; "For example…", "In one study…" introduce support.
Claim or support?
Separate a text's central claim from the details that support it.
Text: “Octopuses in one aquarium learned to open jars after watching other octopuses do it. Similar learning has been seen in fish and birds. Such observations suggest that learning from others is more common in animals than once believed.” Which choice best states the main idea?
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
The last sentence makes the claim; the octopus and fish examples support it. “All animals learn by watching others” drops “more widespread than scientists once thought” and overstates the claim.
Phrases like “for example” and “in one study” usually introduce ____ for a claim.
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
They introduce supporting evidence, not the claim itself.
Details: keep their scope
- A detail question asks what the text says about something specific. Answer with exactly what is stated — no wider, no stronger.
- "Some participants reported better sleep" does not support "Participants slept better" (that loses "some") or "The drug cures insomnia" (that goes far beyond).
Text: "In a survey of 300 nurses, 62% said night shifts affected their mood." Accurate detail: most of the surveyed nurses reported mood effects. Too wide: night shifts damage nurses' mental health.
Text: “Some early readers found the novel confusing, but its complex structure is now widely praised.” Which statement is supported?
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
“Widely praised” supports “generally admired”. “Some” early readers does not mean all.
Summaries cover the whole text
- The best summary 概括 includes the claim and the main support in proportion; it does not focus on one sentence.
- Reject summaries that add a new idea, reverse the author's view, or describe only the example.
Put the steps for a main-idea question in order.
Độ khó 3/5 · 200 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
Predict, then match.
Traps
- The example as the main idea: a choice about Tokyo's farm is too narrow when the claim is about urban farms in general.
- Losing qualifiers 限定词: words like some, may, in this study, often limit a statement; answers that drop them overstate it.
If a text says “in this study, some patients improved,” the statement “the treatment works for patients” is supported.
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
The answer drops “some” and “in this study” and overstates the finding.
Recap
- Find the claim (what the author wants you to accept); everything else supports it.
- Keep details at their stated scope and keep qualifiers; a summary covers the whole text.
- summary: A short restatement of the main points of a text.
- qualifier: A word that limits a claim, such as often or some.