Climate evidence, energy budgets and policy
Đã giới thiệu| English | Ý nghĩa |
|---|---|
| mitigation/ˌmɪtɪˈɡeɪʃn/ | Giảm thiểu |
| adaptation/ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/ | Thích nghi |
What would explain this observation?
- One cold day does not disprove a warming climate. Weather describes short-term conditions; climate describes distributions over longer times and regions.
Build the model
- The Earth energy balance includes incoming solar radiation, reflection, absorption and outgoing infrared radiation.
- Greenhouse gases absorb and emit infrared radiation.
- Feedback can alter the response to an initial forcing.
- mitigation 减缓: Actions addressing causes of environmental change.
- adaptation 适应: Actions reducing harm from environmental impacts.
Which action is adaptation to flood risk?
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
Adaptation reduces the impact of a risk that remains - moving equipment above flood level does exactly that. Measuring CO2 is monitoring, and ignoring the risk is neither mitigation nor adaptation.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
Độ khó 2/5 · 140 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- Distinguish mitigation, which addresses drivers, from adaptation, which reduces harm from impacts.
- A policy assessment needs evidence about effectiveness, cost, equity and uncertainty; one criterion is not the entire decision.
In the lab: Compare multi-year data using consistent baselines. State the region, timescale and uncertainty. At HL, connect a management decision to law, economics and ethics rather than treating these lenses as extra definitions only.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
Độ khó 2/5 · 140 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- Known: a surface receives 200 power units and reflects 50.
- Absorbed input = incoming-reflected = 200-50 = 150.
- Reflected fraction = 50/200 = 0.25 = 25%.
- A change in reflectivity alters the absorbed budget under this model.
Your turn: Incoming energy is 240 units and reflected energy 72. Find reflected percentage.
Incoming energy is 240 units and reflected energy 72. Find reflected percentage.
Độ khó 2/5 · 140 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
The result is 30 %. Known: incoming 240 units; reflected 72 units. Use reflected percentage = reflected / incoming x 100. Percentage = 72/240 x 100 = 30%. The absorbed share is 70% under this budget.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- The greenhouse effect is not the same process as ozone depletion.
- A carbon footprint estimate depends on its system boundary.
Not true: One local weather observation establishes a global climate trend. Weather is a short-term local state; climate is the long-term statistical pattern. One cold day in one city cannot confirm or refute a global trend built from decades of worldwide records.
- The Earth energy balance includes incoming solar radiation, reflection, absorption and outgoing infrared radiation.
- Distinguish mitigation, which addresses drivers, from adaptation, which reduces harm from impacts.
- Watch for: the greenhouse effect is not the same process as ozone depletion.
Write from a reflected share of 16 percent
- Incoming energy is 250 units and reflected energy is 40 units.
- Find the reflected percentage. One local weather observation is not a climate trend.
Weather is a short-term local state; climate is the long-term statistical pattern.
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
True. Weather is a short-term local state; climate is the long-term statistical pattern. One cold day in one city cannot confirm or refute a global trend built from decades of worldwide records.
Actions addressing causes of environmental change: write the technical term.
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
mitigation means Actions addressing causes of environmental change.
Incoming energy is 250 units and reflected energy is 40 units. What percentage is reflected, and why does one local weather observation not establish a climate trend?
The reflected share is reflected energy divided by incoming energy. Climate claims need a long record, not one observation.
What percentage of the incoming energy is reflected?
Độ khó 1/5 · 100 xu + một phần thưởng nhỏ cho lần hoàn thành đầu tiên trong ngày
40 divided by 250 is 0.16, so 16 percent is reflected. Other options — 30 percent (the lesson case of 72 units from 240); 40 units (the reflected energy).