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International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Philosophy · SL หัวข้อ 1 5:16 การบรรยายภาษาอังกฤษ · คำบรรยายภาษาอังกฤษ + 中文 ลอยตัวบนภาพ
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Transcript
In 1848 an explosion drove an iron rod through the head of Phineas Gage, a railway worker in Vermont.
1848 年，一次爆炸让一根铁棍穿过了佛蒙特州铁路工人菲尼亚斯·盖奇的头颅。
He survived, and could walk and talk.
他活了下来，还能走路说话。
But his friends said he was no longer Gage: the polite, careful worker had become rude and unreliable.
但朋友们说他“不再是盖奇了”：那个礼貌、谨慎的工人变得粗鲁、靠不住。
Was he still the same person?
他还是同一个人吗？
If his character changed because his brain changed, is a person just a brain?
如果他的性格因大脑改变而改变，人就只是一个大脑吗？
Could he be blamed for his new behaviour?
他该为新的行为负责吗？
These are the questions of being human.
这些就是“人之为人”的问题。
The core theme is examined in Section A of Paper 1.
核心主题在试卷一 A 部分考查。
You answer one question on a stimulus, a short text or an image, by finding a philosophical issue in it and discussing it.
你针对一则材料（一段短文或一幅图片）回答一道题：从中找出一个哲学问题并加以讨论。
Philosophy works by argument: premises that support a conclusion.
哲学靠论证展开：前提支持结论。
An argument is valid if the conclusion must be true when the premises are true; validity is about form only.
如果前提为真时结论必然为真，论证就是有效的；有效性只关乎形式。
It is sound if it is valid and its premises are actually true.
如果论证有效且前提确实为真，它就是可靠的。
Four common fallacies.
四种常见谬误。
Begging the question assumes the conclusion in a premise.
乞题：在前提中预设结论。
A straw man attacks a weaker version of the other view.
稻草人：攻击对方观点的弱化版本。
A false dilemma offers only two options when there are more.
假两难：明明有更多选项，却只给出两个。
An appeal to authority uses a famous name instead of a reason.
诉诸权威：用名人代替理由。
Every event has a cause.
“每个事件都有原因。
My choices are events.
我的选择是事件。
So I am not free.
所以我不自由。”
The argument needs a hidden premise: caused choices are not free.
这个论证需要一个隐含前提：有原因的选择不是自由的。
That is exactly what compatibilists deny, so the argument does not prove its conclusion against them.
而这恰恰是相容论者否认的，所以这个论证无法驳倒他们。
Three theories.
三种理论。
The body theory: the same living body; but replace every plank of Theseus's ship, and is it the same ship?
身体理论：同一个活的身体；但忒修斯之船的木板全部换掉后，它还是同一艘船吗？
Locke's memory theory: the same memories; Reid's officer is the problem.
洛克的记忆理论：相同的记忆；里德的军官是它的难题。
Parfit's psychological continuity: overlapping chains of memory and character; the teleporter tests it.
帕菲特的心理连续性：记忆和性格的重叠链条；传送机检验它。
Thomas Reid's case: the young officer remembers being a boy; the old general remembers being the young officer; but the general has forgotten the boy.
托马斯·里德的例子：年轻军官记得自己小时候；老将军记得自己做年轻军官时；但将军已经忘了那个男孩。
Identity must carry over, but memory does not, so memory alone fails.
同一性必须能传递，记忆却不能，所以仅靠记忆不行。
Derek Parfit imagines a teleporter that makes two copies of you: which one is you?
德里克·帕菲特设想一台传送机造出了你的两个副本：哪一个是你？
His answer: what matters is not strict identity but continuity, which can come in degrees, as Phineas Gage's story suggests.
他的回答是：重要的不是严格的同一性，而是连续性，它可以有程度之分，正如菲尼亚斯·盖奇的故事所暗示的。
A human is a member of our species.
人类是我们这个物种的成员。
A person is a being with certain abilities: consciousness, reason, self-awareness, communication, moral responsibility.
人格者是具有某些能力的存在：意识、理性、自我意识、交流、道德责任。
The two groups may not match, which is why personhood matters in debates on abortion, the end of life, animal rights and artificial intelligence.
两个群体未必完全重合，这就是为什么人格问题在堕胎、临终、动物权利和人工智能的争论中如此重要。
The three positions answer two different questions: is determinism true, and could free will exist if it were?
三种立场回答两个不同的问题：决定论是真的吗？ 如果是真的，自由意志还能存在吗？
Hard determinism: true, incompatible, so no free will.
强决定论：为真、不相容，所以没有自由意志。
Libertarianism: false, so free will.
自由意志论：为假，所以有自由意志。
Compatibilism: true, but compatible, so free will.
相容论：为真但相容，所以有自由意志。
Hard determinism makes praise and punishment seem unfair, yet we cannot stop using them.
强决定论让赞扬和惩罚显得不公平，可我们又离不开它们。
For libertarianism, an uncaused choice looks random, not controlled.
对自由意志论来说，没有原因的选择看起来是随机的，而非受控制的。
For compatibilism: if your desires were themselves caused, by genes or upbringing, are they really yours?
对相容论来说：如果你的欲望本身是由基因或成长环境造成的，它们真的属于你吗？
Harry Frankfurt's unwilling addict takes the drug, but wishes he did not want it.
哈里·法兰克福笔下“不情愿的成瘾者”吸了毒，却希望自己没有这种欲望。
He is unfree not because his act was caused, but because he acts on a desire he rejects.
他不自由，不是因为行为有原因，而是因为他按照自己拒斥的欲望行事。
Freedom means acting on desires you accept.
自由意味着按你认可的欲望行动。
Dualism says the mind is different from the body: thoughts and feelings are not physical things.
二元论认为心灵不同于身体：思想和感受不是物理的东西。
Physicalism says everything, including the mind, is physical: a thought is a brain process.
物理主义认为一切，包括心灵，都是物理的：思想就是大脑过程。
Gage supports physicalism: damage to the brain changed the person.
盖奇支持物理主义：大脑受损改变了这个人。
Frank Jackson's Mary knows every physical fact about colour, but has lived all her life in a black-and-white room.
弗兰克·杰克逊笔下的玛丽知道关于颜色的一切物理事实，却一生都生活在黑白房间里。
When she first sees red, does she learn something new?
当她第一次看见红色，她学到新东西了吗？
If yes, not all facts are physical.
如果是，那么并非所有事实都是物理的。
Four steps.
四步。
Identify the philosophical issue in the stimulus and link it to the core theme.
找出材料中的哲学问题并联系核心主题。
Explain two or three positions with named philosophers.
用具名哲学家阐述两三种立场。
Give the strongest objection to each, and a reply.
给出对每种立场最有力的反驳及回应。
Reach a clear conclusion that follows from your arguments.
得出从论证中自然得出的明确结论。
A stimulus about a person whose personality changed after a brain injury.
一则材料：某人脑损伤后性格大变。
The issue: does personal identity depend on psychological continuity?
问题：人格同一性取决于心理连续性吗？
The body theory says same body, same person; Parfit says identity weakens as character changes.
身体理论说身体相同就是同一个人；帕菲特说性格变化时同一性会减弱。
The case supports Parfit: the person is partly, not wholly, the same.
这个案例支持帕菲特：这个人部分地、而非完全地还是同一个人。
To finish: identity theories and their problem cases; human versus person; the three positions on freedom and Frankfurt's addict; dualism, physicalism and Mary's room; and Section A in four steps.
总结：同一性理论及其难题案例；人类与人格者；关于自由的三种立场和法兰克福的成瘾者；二元论、物理主义和玛丽的房间；以及 A 部分的四个步骤。