Comparing literary works
International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Language A: Literature · SL หัวข้อ 2 4:42 การบรรยายภาษาอังกฤษ · คำบรรยายภาษาอังกฤษ + 中文 ลอยตัวบนภาพ
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Transcript
Two kings hear a prophecy.
两位国王听到了预言。
In ancient Athens, Oedipus is told he will kill his father and marry his mother; he runs away to escape it, and runs straight into it.
在古代雅典，俄狄浦斯得知自己将弑父娶母；他逃走以躲避预言，却正好撞进了预言。
In Shakespeare's Scotland, Macbeth is told he will be king; he does not wait, but murders his way to the crown.
在莎士比亚笔下的苏格兰，麦克白得知自己将成为国王；他没有等待，而是一路谋杀登上王位。
Both plays ask: are we free, or is our end already written?
两部戏都在问：我们是自由的，还是结局早已写好？
Paper 2 is the comparative essay, at both levels: an hour and forty-five minutes, thirty marks.
试卷二是比较论文，两个级别都考：一小时四十五分钟，30 分。
You get four general questions and answer one, comparing two works you studied.
四道通用题选一道，比较你学过的两部作品。
You may not use a work from your individual oral or higher-level essay.
不能用个人口试或高级论文中用过的作品。
Six tools for drama.
六种戏剧手法。
A tragic hero is a great person who falls; hamartia is the hero's error or weakness.
悲剧英雄是一位走向毁灭的伟大人物；悲剧性缺陷是英雄的错误或弱点。
Dramatic irony: the audience knows what a character does not.
戏剧性反讽：观众知道角色不知道的事。
A soliloquy is a character alone on stage speaking their thoughts.
独白是角色独自在台上说出内心想法。
Foreshadowing gives early hints.
伏笔是预先的暗示。
Catharsis is the audience's release of pity and fear at the end.
净化是结尾时观众怜悯与恐惧的释放。
Here is dramatic irony.
这就是戏剧性反讽。
Oedipus promises to find the killer of the old king Laius, and curses him.
俄狄浦斯发誓要找出杀死老国王拉伊俄斯的凶手，并诅咒他。
The audience knows that he is the killer, so he is cursing himself.
观众知道凶手正是他自己，所以他是在诅咒自己。
Every confident word increases our pity and fear.
他每一句自信的话都加深了我们的怜悯与恐惧。
A five-part model tracks how a tragedy builds and falls.
一个五段模型可以追踪悲剧如何上升与下落。
Macbeth's exposition is the witches' prophecy; the rising action climbs to Duncan's murder; the climax is Banquo's murder and the banquet in Act 3; the falling action brings the apparitions and Macduff; the catastrophe is Dunsinane.
《麦克白》的开端是女巫的预言；上升情节一直到邓肯被杀；高潮是第三幕班柯被杀和宴会；下降情节带来幻影和麦克达夫；结局是邓西嫩。
Oedipus Rex has a different structure.
《俄狄浦斯王》的结构不同。
The killing of Laius and the marriage to Jocasta happened years before the play starts.
杀死拉伊俄斯、娶伊俄卡斯忒，都发生在戏开场之前多年。
The play is an investigation: Oedipus searches for the truth, and every step towards it is a step towards his own ruin.
这部戏是一场调查：俄狄浦斯追寻真相，而每接近真相一步，就离自己的毁灭更近一步。
Sophocles wrote for a festival audience who already knew the story, so they watched to see how, not what; and they believed the gods' oracles must come true.
索福克勒斯为节庆观众写作，他们早已知道故事，所以看的是“如何发生”而非“发生什么”；他们也相信神谕必定应验。
Shakespeare wrote soon after James the First became king: a king interested in witchcraft, who believed kings ruled by God's will.
莎士比亚写作时詹姆斯一世刚即位：这位国王对巫术很感兴趣，并相信国王的权力来自上帝。
To its first audience, a play in which killing a king brings chaos to the whole country spoke directly to their world, and the witches were real evil.
对首批观众来说，一部弑君导致举国大乱的戏直接映照他们的世界，女巫是真实的邪恶。
A modern reader may read the witches instead as a picture of Macbeth's own desires.
现代读者则可能把女巫看作麦克白自身欲望的写照。
Oedipus flees Corinth to escape his prophecy, and his escape fulfils it.
俄狄浦斯离开科林斯以躲避预言，而这次逃离恰恰应验了预言。
Macbeth's prophecy only names the end: he chooses the means, murdering Duncan.
麦克白的预言只说了结局：手段是他自己选的——谋杀邓肯。
Sophocles uses dramatic irony; Shakespeare uses soliloquy, so we hear Macbeth choose.
索福克勒斯用戏剧性反讽；莎士比亚用独白，让我们听见麦克白作出选择。
Oedipus blinds himself; Macbeth is killed by Macduff.
俄狄浦斯刺瞎双眼；麦克白被麦克达夫所杀。
Thesis: both plays use a prophecy to test human freedom.
论点：两部戏都用预言来检验人的自由。
But Sophocles shows a man whose free choices lead him into a fate he cannot escape, while Shakespeare shows a man whose fate is only a suggestion, so that his ruin is his own responsibility.
但索福克勒斯展现的是一个人的自由选择把他引向无法逃脱的命运，而莎士比亚展现的是一个人的命运只是一种暗示，所以他的毁灭是他自己的责任。
Write point by point: each body paragraph compares both works on one idea, such as the prophecy, the hero's choices, or the ending.
逐点比较：每个主体段落都就一个观点比较两部作品，例如预言、英雄的选择或结局。
Use linking words: similarly, whereas, in contrast, both.
使用连接词：同样、而、相反、两者都。
Both playwrights let the audience see more than the hero, in opposite ways.
两位剧作家都让观众比英雄看得更多，但方式相反。
Sophocles uses dramatic irony: when Oedipus curses the killer, we know he is cursing himself.
索福克勒斯用戏剧性反讽：俄狄浦斯诅咒凶手时，我们知道他在诅咒自己。
Shakespeare gives Macbeth soliloquies: when he admits he has no spur but vaulting ambition, we see that no god or witch forces his hand.
莎士比亚给麦克白独白：当他承认除了“跃跃欲试的野心”别无驱策时，我们看到没有神或女巫在逼他。
For Sophocles' audience the oracle had to come true; Shakespeare places the cause of tragedy inside the human mind.
对索福克勒斯的观众，神谕必定应验；莎士比亚则把悲剧的根源放进人的内心。
Paper 2 has four criteria. Knowledge, understanding and interpretation, ten marks; analysis and evaluation, ten; focus and organisation, five; and language, five.
试卷二有四项评分标准：知识、理解与阐释 10 分；分析与评价 10 分；重点与组织 5 分；语言 5 分。
To prepare, learn ten to fifteen short quotations or precise moments for each work, grouped by idea: power, fate, guilt, family, gender.
备考时，每部作品记住十到十五句简短引文或具体情节，按主题归类：权力、命运、罪责、家庭、性别。
For a work in translation, refer to moments and techniques rather than exact wording, and name the translation you studied.
对于译作，引用情节和手法而不是原文措辞，并注明你读的译本。
To finish: the drama tools; the tragic arc of Macbeth and the investigation of Oedipus; the contexts of Athens and of James the First; a thesis that answers the question; and a point-by-point essay with linking words.
总结：戏剧手法；《麦克白》的悲剧弧线与《俄狄浦斯王》的调查结构；雅典与詹姆斯一世的语境；回答问题的论点；以及用连接词逐点比较的论文。