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International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Global Politics · SL หัวข้อ 2 6:05 การบรรยายภาษาอังกฤษ · คำบรรยายภาษาอังกฤษ + 中文 ลอยตัวบนภาพ
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Transcript
Besides the core, every student studies three themes: rights and justice, development and sustainability, and peace and conflict.
除核心外，每个学生都要学习三个专题：权利与正义、发展与可持续性、和平与冲突。
Each is studied through real, recent cases, and Paper 2 asks for essays on them.
每个专题都通过真实、近期的案例学习，试卷二要求就此写论述。
Each theme asks what changed, who made it happen, and who was left behind.
每个专题都追问：什么变了，谁促成的，谁被落下了。
In 1990 more than a third of the world's people lived in extreme poverty.
1990 年，全球超过三分之一的人生活在极端贫困中。
By 2019 the share had fallen below one in ten.
到 2019 年，这一比例降到十分之一以下。
In China alone, close to eight hundred million people escaped.
仅在中国，就有近八亿人摆脱了极端贫困。
Over the same years, wars in Syria, Yemen and Sudan forced millions from their homes.
同一时期，叙利亚、也门和苏丹的战争使数百万人流离失所。
Human rights are rights every person has because they are human.
人权是每个人因其为人而享有的权利。
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted on 10 December 1948.
《世界人权宣言》于 1948 年 12 月 10 日通过。
In 1966 two treaties made its rights legally binding for the states that join them: one on civil and political rights, one on economic, social and cultural rights.
1966 年的两项公约使这些权利对缔约国具有法律约束力：一项关于公民和政治权利，一项关于经济、社会和文化权利。
Rights are often grouped in three generations.
权利常被分为三代。
First, civil and political rights: free speech, a fair trial, the vote.
第一代是公民和政治权利：言论自由、公正审判、选举权。
Second, economic, social and cultural rights: education, health care and work.
第二代是经济、社会和文化权利：教育、医疗和工作。
Third, collective rights: development, a clean environment and peace.
第三代是集体权利：发展、清洁环境与和平。
Universalism says the same rights apply everywhere.
普遍主义认为同样的权利适用于所有地方。
Cultural relativism says rights must be understood within each society's culture and values.
文化相对主义认为权利必须放在各社会的文化和价值观中理解。
The debate matters because it decides who can criticise whom.
这场争论之所以重要，是因为它决定了谁可以批评谁。
When a state will not act, international justice can step in.
当一个国家不作为时，国际司法可以介入。
The International Criminal Court, working since 2002, tries individuals for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
国际刑事法院自 2002 年运作，审判犯有种族灭绝罪、战争罪和反人类罪的个人。
More than a hundred and twenty states are members, but the United States, China, Russia and India are not, which limits its reach.
有一百二十多个成员国，但美国、中国、俄罗斯和印度都不是，这限制了它的影响范围。
In 2005 UN members agreed the responsibility to protect.
2005 年，联合国成员国通过了“保护的责任”。
In 2011, Security Council Resolution 1973 authorised action to protect civilians in Libya.
2011 年，安理会第 1973 号决议授权采取行动保护利比亚平民。
Critics said the action went beyond protection and helped remove the government.
批评者认为行动超出了保护范围，帮助推翻了政府。
Afterwards, draft resolutions on Syria were vetoed.
此后，有关叙利亚的决议草案遭到否决。
Development is more than higher income.
发展不只是收入增加。
Amartya Sen described it as expanding real freedoms: to be healthy, educated and able to choose how to live.
阿马蒂亚·森把发展描述为扩展人们的实际自由：健康、受教育、能选择如何生活。
The UN's Human Development Index combines life expectancy, years of schooling and income per person.
联合国的人类发展指数结合了预期寿命、受教育年限和人均收入。
The Millennium Development Goals ran from 2000 to 2015: eight goals, mainly for poorer countries, on poverty, schooling and child health.
千年发展目标从 2000 年持续到 2015 年：八个目标，主要针对较贫穷国家，涉及贫困、教育和儿童健康。
The Sustainable Development Goals run from 2015 to 2030: seventeen goals for every country, linking poverty, inequality and the environment.
可持续发展目标从 2015 年到 2030 年：十七个目标，适用于所有国家，把贫困、不平等和环境联系起来。
The Brundtland Report of 1987 defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
1987 年的布伦特兰报告把可持续发展定义为：既满足当代人的需要，又不损害后代人满足其需要的能力的发展。
Four debates.
四场争论。
Aid can build schools and health systems, or create dependence.
援助可以建设学校和卫生系统，也可能造成依赖。
Trade helped East Asia grow, but rich countries' subsidies and tariffs can block poorer ones.
贸易帮助东亚增长，但富国的补贴和关税可能阻碍穷国。
Debt came with structural adjustment, which critics say hurt the poor.
债务附带结构调整条件，批评者认为它伤害了穷人。
And growth can cut poverty while the gap between rich and poor widens.
经济增长可以减少贫困，同时贫富差距却在扩大。
Conflict can be interstate, between states, or intrastate, inside one state, such as a civil war.
冲突可以是国家间的，也可以是国家内部的，比如内战。
Since 1945 most wars have been intrastate, and many have outside states involved.
1945 年以来，大多数战争是国家内部的，其中许多有外国介入。
Johan Galtung distinguished negative peace, the absence of direct violence, from positive peace, the presence of justice and fair institutions.
约翰·加尔通区分了消极和平（没有直接暴力）与积极和平（存在正义和公平制度）。
A ceasefire ends the violence quickly. Justice and institutions grow slowly, so positive peace takes years.
停火能迅速结束暴力，而正义与制度成长缓慢，所以积极和平需要多年。
He also named structural violence: harm from unfair structures, such as poverty, even when no one is fighting.
他还提出结构性暴力：即使没有战斗，不公平的结构，如贫困，也会造成伤害。
The UN Charter of 1945 bans the threat or use of force between states, in Article 2(4).
1945 年的《联合国宪章》第 2 条第 4 款禁止国家间威胁或使用武力。
There are two exceptions: self-defence, under Article 51, and action authorised by the Security Council under Chapter VII.
有两个例外：第 51 条规定的自卫，以及安理会根据第七章授权的行动。
Peacekeeping operations rest on three principles: the consent of the parties; impartiality; and the use of force only in self-defence or to carry out the mandate.
维和行动基于三项原则：各方同意；公正中立；只在自卫或执行任务授权时使用武力。
In Rwanda in 1994, about eight hundred thousand people were killed in about a hundred days, while the UN reduced its force: without political will, peacekeeping cannot stop mass killing.
1994 年卢旺达约八十万人在大约一百天内被杀害，而联合国却缩减了维和部队：没有政治意愿，维和无法阻止大屠杀。
In Northern Ireland, the 1998 agreement created a shared government.
北爱尔兰 1998 年的协议建立了分享权力的政府。
In Colombia, a 2016 agreement ended a war of more than fifty years, but positive peace is slower.
哥伦比亚 2016 年的协议结束了五十多年的战争，但积极和平来得更慢。
Plan an essay: to what extent is addressing structural violence increasingly important to lasting peace?
规划论述：解决结构性暴力对持久和平在多大程度上越来越重要？
Thesis: to a large extent, because recent wars grow from inequality.
论点：在很大程度上，因为近期战争源于不平等。
Colombia: land reform.
哥伦比亚：土地改革。
Northern Ireland: power-sharing and equal rights.
北爱尔兰：分权与平等权利。
Counter: direct violence must stop first.
反方：必须先停止直接暴力。
Judgement: stopping violence comes first, but structures decide whether peace lasts.
判断：停止暴力优先，但结构决定和平能否持久。
To finish: rights, from the UDHR to the ICC and R2P; development, from Sen to the SDGs; the four debates; peace, from Galtung to the Charter and three cases; and an essay plan with a thesis, cases, a counter-argument and a judgement.
总结：权利，从《世界人权宣言》到国际刑事法院和保护的责任；发展，从森到可持续发展目标；四场争论；和平，从加尔通到《联合国宪章》和三个案例；以及有论点、案例、反方观点和判断的论述规划。