Interventionist supply-side policy and evaluation
แนะนำใหม่| English | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| additionality/əˈdɪʃənælɪti/ | ผลเพิ่มเติมนอกเหนือจากเดิม |
| interventionist supply-side policy/ˌɪntəˈvenʃənɪst səˈplaɪ saɪd ˈpɒlɪsi/ | นโยบายด้านอุปทานแบบแทรกแซง |
A decision you can investigate
- A training subsidy may finance skills that firms would otherwise neglect. It may also pay for training already planned.
- Gross activity supported is not the same as additional activity caused by policy.
Build the explanation
- Education, training and skills investment can improve labour productivity and mobility if learning matches jobs and is used. Investment incentives, including tax relief or subsidies, can lower the private cost of equipment and research. Infrastructure investment can improve transport, power or digital reliability, reducing costs and linking markets. Finance for start-ups can relieve credit constraints, but appraisal and risk-sharing matter. Regional policy can support areas with weak infrastructure or job access; moving activity between regions is not automatically a national capacity gain.
- Compare these five interventionist instruments with market-based measures. Use a causal chain from the identified barrier to changed inputs, productivity or competition, then to LRAS or a frontier shift. Assess additionality 额外增量效应, benefits, opportunity costs, time lags, affordability, administrative capacity and distribution. A spending increase may shift AD immediately while capacity improves later; those are separate effects.
Work through the evidence
- A fictional programme trains 100 workers. Comparable output per worker rises 5→5.5 under adequate equipment and successful job matching, so potential output rises 500→550. If only 60 workers use the new skills, output is 60×5.5+40×5=530, a 6% increase rather than 10%.
- A separate investment grant of 20 supports a project costing 100, reducing the firm’s private outlay to 80. The resource cost remains 100; the grant is financing, not a disappearance of 20 resources. If the firm would have invested anyway, the supported project does not establish additional investment.
- A road upgrade cuts delivery time 50→40 minutes, down 20%; potential benefits include reliability and lower costs, but maintenance, land and environmental costs still enter the appraisal.
With only 60 workers using training, what is potential output?
ความยาก 1/5 · 100 เหรียญ + โบนัสเล็กน้อยในการทำครั้งแรกวันนี้
60×5.5+40×5=530.
What is the project resource cost after the stated grant?
ความยาก 1/5 · 100 เหรียญ + โบนัสเล็กน้อยในการทำครั้งแรกวันนี้
The grant changes financing shares, not resources used.
A subsidised investment may be one the firm would have made anyway.
ความยาก 1/5 · 100 เหรียญ + โบนัสเล็กน้อยในการทำครั้งแรกวันนี้
True. Additionality is judged against the without-policy case; if the firm had already planned the investment, the subsidy adds nothing.
Test the limits
- Training may take years, while a cyclical demand shortfall may need a faster response. Finance can help viable credit-constrained start-ups yet transfer losses to taxpayers if appraisal is poor. Regional grants can displace jobs from another area; distinguish local gains from net national gains.
- Tax incentives can reward existing plans, and infrastructure can be underused or delay other priorities. Market-based measures may be quicker and cheaper fiscally but fail when information, external benefits or essential infrastructure are missing. Neither category always dominates. Choose the policy mix for the diagnosed barrier, fiscal capacity, distributional goal and implementation evidence; an LRAS shift is a conditional model outcome, not a certification that every funded project succeeds.
Why can regional job growth overstate the national effect?
ความยาก 1/5 · 100 เหรียญ + โบนัสเล็กน้อยในการทำครั้งแรกวันนี้
Evaluate displacement and net additional activity.
Apply and explain your answer
- Why does the investment grant reduce private outlay without reducing the project’s resource cost?
- The firm and government share financing of the same 100 resources. A transfer changes who pays, not the amount of capital, labour and materials used.
Match the terms to their meanings.
ความยาก 2/5 · 140 เหรียญ + โบนัสเล็กน้อยในการทำครั้งแรกวันนี้
Use each term for its stated economic relationship.
Use the terms precisely
- additionality: Activity caused by a policy beyond what would have occurred without it.
- interventionist supply-side policy 干预型供给侧政策: Public action intended to improve productive resources, productivity or access to capacity.
A fictional programme trains 100 workers. Comparable output per worker rises 5→5.5 under adequate equipment and successful job matching, so potential output rises 500→550. If only 60 workers use the new skills, output is 60×5.5+40×5=530, a 6% increase rather than 10%. A separate investment grant of 20 supports a project costing 100, reducing the firm’s private outlay to 80. The resource cost remains 100; the grant is financing, not a disappearance of 20 resources. If the firm would have invested anyway, the supported project does not establish additional investment. A road upgrade cuts delivery time 50→40 minutes, down 20%; potential benefits include reliability and lower costs, but maintenance, land and environmental costs still enter the appraisal.
Training may take years, while a cyclical demand shortfall may need a faster response. Finance can help viable credit-constrained start-ups yet transfer losses to taxpayers if appraisal is poor. Regional grants can displace jobs from another area; distinguish local gains from net national gains. Tax incentives can reward existing plans, and infrastructure can be underused or delay other priorities. Market-based measures may be quicker and cheaper fiscally but fail when information, external benefits or essential infrastructure are missing. Neither category always dominates. Choose the policy mix for the diagnosed barrier, fiscal capacity, distributional goal and implementation evidence; an LRAS shift is a conditional model outcome, not a certification that every funded project succeeds.
Education, training and skills investment can improve labour productivity and mobility if learning matches jobs and is used. Investment incentives, including tax relief or subsidies, can lower the private cost of equipment and research. Infrastructure investment can improve transport, power or digital reliability, reducing costs and linking markets. Finance for start-ups can relieve credit constraints, but appraisal and risk-sharing matter. Regional policy can support areas with weak infrastructure or job access; moving activity between regions is not automatically a national capacity gain.
Write from skills used by 40 workers
- Eighty workers produce 4 units each. Training would raise that to 5, but only 40 workers use the new skill.
- A grant of 30 supports a project whose resource cost is 90.
Eighty workers produce 4 units each. Training can raise that to 5, but only 40 workers use the skill and the other 40 stay at 4. What is the output rise? A grant of 30 is paid toward a project that costs 90. What resource cost remains?
Output counts only the workers who use the skill at the higher rate. A grant changes who pays, not the resources used.
What is output when only 40 of the 80 workers use the new skill?
ความยาก 1/5 · 100 เหรียญ + โบนัสเล็กน้อยในการทำครั้งแรกวันนี้
40 times 5 plus 40 times 4 is 360. The result 400 assumes every worker uses the skill. Other options — 400 (the output if every worker used the skill); 60 (the firm's private outlay after the grant).