การตอบสนองต่อรายได้และราคาข้ามสินค้า
แนะนำใหม่| English | ความหมาย |
|---|---|
| cross elasticity of demand/krɒs ɪlæˈstɪsɪti ɒv dɪˈmænd/ | ความยืดหยุ่นข้ามของการต้องการ |
| income elasticity of demand/ˈɪŋkʌm ɪlæˈstɪsɪti ɒv dɪˈmænd/ | ความยืดหยุ่นของรายได้ต่อการต้องการ |
A decision you can investigate
- A rail operator considers forecasts based on incomes and the price of a competing coach service.
- Own-price, income and another product’s price are three different stimuli.
Build the explanation
- YED = percentage quantity-demanded change divided by percentage income change. Positive values identify normal goods, negative values inferior goods for the observed group/range. Positive magnitude above 1 is income-elastic; between 0 and 1 income-inelastic; zero means no response. Perfect income elasticity is a theoretical limiting case of arbitrarily large responsiveness to a tiny income change.
- XED = percentage demand change for A divided by percentage price change of B. Positive XED suggests substitutes, negative complements, and approximately zero little measured relationship. Magnitude indicates responsiveness, not whether two products are physically similar.
Work through the evidence
- Income rises from 3000 to 3300, or 10%; rail journeys rise from 40 to 46, or 15%. YED=15/10=1.5: an income-elastic normal service in this observation.
- Coach fare rises 8%, while rail demand rises 4% with other conditions unchanged: XED rail relative to coach = 4/8=0.5, consistent with substitution. If parking becomes 10% dearer and car journeys fall 3%, XED car journeys relative to parking = −3/10=−0.3, consistent with complementarity.
ค่า YED ในกรณีรายได้คืออะไร?
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
ปริมาณต้องการเพิ่มขึ้น 15% ในขณะที่รายได้เพิ่มขึ้น 10%
Test the limits
- A product can change category across income groups or ranges. An inferior classification describes the income response, not defective quality. XED of A to B need not equal XED of B to A.
- Business forecasts need population, prices and confidence too; simultaneous changes can confound attribution. A government assessing indirect taxes or subsidies should ask whether consumers can switch and who bears the cost, not simply read a sign as a complete recommendation.
เครื่องหมายที่คาดไว้สำหรับสินค้าทดแทนกันคืออะไร?
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
สินค้าทดแทนกันที่มีราคาสูงขึ้นอาจทำให้ความต้องการของสินค้าที่เกี่ยวข้องลดลงได้
ความยืดหยุ่นข้ามต้องมีค่าเท่ากันไม่ว่าจะนำผลิตภัณฑ์ใดไปตั้งในตัวเศษก็ตาม
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
ฐานและผลตอบสนองของเปอร์เซ็นต์ความต้องการและราคาอาจแตกต่างกันได้
Apply and explain your answer
- What does the positive cross response between coach fare and rail demand suggest?
- Some passengers treat the two services as substitutes; rail demand increases when coach fare rises.
YED ที่เท่ากับ −0.4 บ่งชี้ถึง
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
การตอบสนองต่อรายได้นegative ช่วยแยกแยะการจำแนกประเภทนี้
Use the terms precisely
- cross elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性: Percentage demand change for one good relative to percentage price change of another.
- income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性: Percentage demand change relative to percentage income change.
จับคู่คำศัพท์กับความหมาย
Difficulty 2/5 · 140 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
ใช้แต่ละพจน์ตามความสัมพันธ์ทางเศรษฐศาสตร์ที่กำหนดให้
Income rises from 3000 to 3300, or 10%; rail journeys rise from 40 to 46, or 15%. YED=15/10=1.5: an income-elastic normal service in this observation. Coach fare rises 8%, while rail demand rises 4% with other conditions unchanged: XED rail relative to coach = 4/8=0.5, consistent with substitution. If parking becomes 10% dearer and car journeys fall 3%, XED car journeys relative to parking = −3/10=−0.3, consistent with complementarity.
A product can change category across income groups or ranges. An inferior classification describes the income response, not defective quality. XED of A to B need not equal XED of B to A. Business forecasts need population, prices and confidence too; simultaneous changes can confound attribution. A government assessing indirect taxes or subsidies should ask whether consumers can switch and who bears the cost, not simply read a sign as a complete recommendation.
YED = percentage quantity-demanded change divided by percentage income change. Positive values identify normal goods, negative values inferior goods for the observed group/range. Positive magnitude above 1 is income-elastic; between 0 and 1 income-inelastic; zero means no response. Perfect income elasticity is a theoretical limiting case of arbitrarily large responsiveness to a tiny income change.