International trade and globalisation
IGCSE Economics Topic 6 8:58 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
Chapters
Transcript
Look around your room.
看看你的房间。
The phone in your hand, the coffee in your cup, the clothes you are wearing — almost none of it was made here.
你手里的手机、杯子里的咖啡、身上的衣服——几乎都不是本地生产的。
It came by sea, in steel boxes, on ships like these.
它们装在钢制集装箱里，由这样的货船运来。
No country makes everything for itself.
没有哪个国家什么都自己生产。
Each one makes what it is best at, and buys the rest.
每个国家只生产自己最擅长的东西，其余的都买回来。
Welcome to Topic Six.
欢迎来到第六单元。
Here is the road ahead.
先看看我们要走的路。
Specialisation and free trade.
专业化与自由贸易。
Globalisation and multinational companies.
全球化与跨国公司。
Trade protection, and the tariff diagram.
贸易保护，以及关税图。
Exchange rates.
汇率。
And the balance of payments.
还有国际收支。
International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries.
国际贸易，就是国家之间交换物品与服务。
A country makes the goods it is best at — that is specialisation at national level.
一个国家专做它最擅长的物品—— 这就是国家层面的专业化。
What it makes well it sells abroad — those are its exports.
它做得好的东西卖到国外——那就是它的出口。
What others make better it buys in — those are its imports.
别人做得更好的东西它买进来——那就是它的进口。
Exports bring money into the country; imports take money out.
出口把钱带进这个国家，进口把钱带出去。
Free trade means trade with no barriers: no taxes on imports, no limits on how much comes in.
自由贸易，是指贸易没有壁垒——不对进口征税，也不限制进口数量。
The gains are real. Goods cost less from abroad, shoppers get a wider choice, firms sell into bigger markets so costs fall, and competition pushes home firms to work harder.
好处是实实在在的：从国外买东西更便宜，顾客的选择更多， 企业卖到更大的市场因而成本下降，竞争也逼着本国企业更努力。
That raises living standards.
这提高了生活水平。
But name the losses too.
但也要写出损失。
Home firms may lose to cheap foreign goods, close, and shed jobs — and a country can become too dependent on others for important goods.
本国企业可能输给便宜的外国产品——而且一个国家可能对别国的重要商品过度依赖， 于是倒闭，工作也没了。
Free trade has one more loss that examiners like.
自由贸易还有一个考官喜欢的损失。
A small new industry may never grow if it faces strong foreign rivals from the start.
一个很小的新产业，如果一开始就面对强大的外国对手， 可能永远长不大。
That is why governments protect an infant industry.
这就是政府保护幼稚产业的原因。
Dumping is the other case: foreign firms sell below cost to destroy local rivals, then raise prices later.
倾销是另一种情况：外国企业低于成本销售， 先打垮本地对手，再抬价。
Name the infant, and name the dump.
要写出幼稚产业，也要写出倾销。
Globalisation is the way the world's economies become more joined together — by trade, by travel, and by the internet.
全球化，是世界各经济体越来越紧密地连在一起——通过贸易，通过人员往来， 也通过互联网。
If a question asks for its features, four are safe: people moving between countries; trade in goods and services; the sharing of ideas; and new technology.
如果题目问它的特征，有四个写了不会错：人口在国家之间流动； 物品与服务的贸易；思想的共享；还有新技术。
Much of it is driven by multinational companies.
推动这一切的， 很大程度上是跨国公司。
A multinational produces in more than one country, and the country it sets up in is called the host country.
跨国公司在不止一个国家生产，它设厂所在的国家，叫做东道国。
Does it help?
它对东道国有帮助吗？
Give both sides.
两面都要说。
On the benefit side: it creates jobs, brings investment and new technology, trains workers, and pays tax.
好处这一面：它创造工作，带来投资和新技术， 培训工人，还要纳税。
On the drawback side: profits go back home, local firms are pushed out, wages may be poor, and the environment may suffer.
坏处这一面：利润被带回母国，本地企业被挤出去， 工资可能很低，环境也可能受损。
A good answer weighs the two.
好的答案会权衡这两面。
Not every government wants free trade.
并不是每个政府都想要自由贸易。
Trade protection means barriers that limit imports and shield home firms.
贸易保护，就是用壁垒来限制进口、保护本国企业。
Learn all four.
四种方法都要记准。
A tariff is a tax on imports.
关税是对进口品征的税。
A quota is a limit on the amount that may be imported.
配额是对可以进口的数量设的限制。
A subsidy is money paid to home firms, so they sell more cheaply.
补贴是付给本国企业的钱，让它们卖得更便宜。
An embargo is a total ban.
禁运是全面禁止。
And notice: only the tariff raises money.
还要注意：只有关税能带来收入。
This diagram earns marks fast.
这张图能很快拿到分。
Price runs up the side, quantity along the bottom.
纵轴是价格，横轴是数量。
Blue is domestic supply, red is domestic demand.
蓝线是本国供给，红线是本国需求。
Start at the dashed line, the world price.
先看那条虚线，也就是世界价格。
Home firms supply little there, buyers want far more, and that wide gap is filled by imports.
在这个价格上，本国企业只供给很少， 买家却想要很多，中间这段很宽的差距由进口填补。
Now add a tariff.
现在加上关税。
The price rises to the solid line above.
价格升到上面那条实线。
Home supply grows, demand falls, and the imports gap shrinks to the short arrow.
本国供给增加，需求下降，进口的差距缩小成短短的一段。
The shaded box is the tariff revenue.
那个阴影方块，就是关税收入。
So why protect?
那么为什么要保护？
Four reasons the examiner accepts: to protect jobs at home; to protect an infant industry, too new to compete yet; to stop dumping, where foreign firms sell below cost; and to raise revenue.
有四个理由考官会认：保护本国的工作；保护幼稚产业， 也就是太新、还竞争不过的产业；制止倾销，也就是外国企业低于成本销售； 还有取得收入。
But protection has a price.
但保护是有代价的。
Prices rise, choice falls, and protected firms grow lazy.
价格上升，选择变少，受保护的企业会变懒。
Other countries hit back — that is a trade war.
别的国家还会反击——那就是贸易战。
A paper might ask you to discuss whether a tariff on steel is a good idea.
试卷可能要你讨论，对钢铁征关税是不是好主意。
Pause and try both sides.
先暂停，两边都试写。
Step one: a tariff protects jobs and an infant industry, and it raises revenue.
第一步：关税保护工作和幼稚产业，还能带来收入。
Step two: prices rise, choice falls, and protected firms grow lazy.
第二步：价格上升，选择变少， 受保护的企业会变懒。
Step three: other countries hit back, and that is a trade war.
第三步：别的国家会反击，那就是贸易战。
Discuss means both sides, then a judgement: who pays, and how long the jobs last.
讨论就是两面都写，再给判断：谁付钱，这些工作能维持多久。
An exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another, and a currency is bought and sold in a market.
汇率，是一种货币用另一种货币表示的价格，而货币也是在市场上买卖的。
Quantity runs along the bottom, the rate up the side.
横轴是货币的数量，纵轴是汇率。
In a floating exchange rate system, demand slopes down, supply slopes up, and where they cross the rate is set.
需求向下倾斜，供给向上倾斜， 两者相交的地方决定汇率。
Now something raises demand — higher interest rates.
现在有事情让需求上升——比如利率提高。
The demand line shifts right, and the rate climbs.
需求线向右移动，汇率就往上爬。
Now push demand the other way.
现在让需求往另一个方向变。
The demand line falls back to the dashed line, the crossing point slides down, and the rate drops.
需求线退回到虚线的位置，交点向下滑，汇率下降。
A rise in a currency's value is an appreciation; a fall, like this one, is a depreciation.
货币价值上升叫做升值；像这样下降，就叫做贬值。
And a depreciation is not free: imported food, fuel and materials all cost more, so prices rise.
而贬值不是免费的： 进口的食品、燃料和原材料都变贵，于是价格上涨。
That is cost-push inflation.
这就是成本推动型通胀。
Here is the pair you must never mix up.
这一对千万不要弄混。
When a currency appreciates, our exports become dearer for foreigners and foreign goods become cheaper for us — exports fall, imports rise.
当货币升值，我们的出口对外国人来说更贵， 外国物品对我们更便宜——所以出口下降，进口上升。
When it depreciates, every arrow turns round: exports are cheaper abroad, imports are dearer.
当货币贬值，每个箭头都反过来： 出口在国外更便宜，进口更贵。
A rate change always helps one group and hurts another.
汇率的变动， 总是让一部分人受益、另一部分人受损。
Now the calculation the exam asks every year.
现在来做每年都会考的计算。
The rate is one pound to one point three zero dollars.
汇率是一英镑兑一点三零美元。
Part a: a machine sells for two thousand pounds.
第一小题：一台机器售价两千英镑。
Pounds into dollars, so multiply: two thousand times one point three zero is two thousand six hundred dollars.
英镑换美元，所以用乘：两千乘一点三零， 等于两千六百美元。
Part b: a laptop costs six hundred and fifty dollars.
第二小题：一台笔记本电脑售价六百五十美元。
Dollars into pounds, so divide: six hundred and fifty divided by one point three zero is five hundred pounds.
美元换英镑，所以用除：六百五十除以一点三零，等于五百英镑。
Now the pound appreciates to one point five zero.
现在英镑升值到一点五零。
The same machine now costs three thousand dollars.
同一台机器现在要三千美元。
A stronger currency makes exports harder to sell.
货币越强，出口就越难卖出去。
The balance of payments records all money flowing into and out of a country.
国际收支，记录一个国家所有流入与流出的钱，它的主要部分是经常账户。
Its main part is the current account, with four sections.
它有四个组成部分。
Trade in goods: cars, food, oil.
货物贸易：汽车、食品、石油。
Trade in services: tourism, banking, shipping.
服务贸易：旅游、银行、航运。
Primary income: wages, interest and profit from abroad.
初次收入：从国外赚到的工资、利息和利润。
And secondary income: aid and gifts.
二次收入：援助和赠与。
Money coming in is a credit; money going out is a debit.
钱流进来是贷方，钱流出去是借方。
The balance is credits minus debits.
差额等于贷方减借方。
If more money flows out than in, the country has a current account deficit.
如果流出的钱多于流入，这个国家就有经常账户逆差。
If more flows in than out, it has a surplus.
如果流入多于流出，就是顺差。
Try one yourself.
自己来做一道。
Credits are one hundred and fifty billion dollars; debits are one hundred and seventy-seven billion.
贷方是一千五百亿美元， 借方是一千七百七十亿美元。
That is minus twenty-seven, so this is a deficit of twenty-seven billion dollars.
相减等于负二百七十亿， 所以这是两百七十亿美元的逆差。
A country with a large deficit must borrow, or sell assets, to pay for it.
逆差很大的国家，必须借钱或变卖资产来支付它。
How do you correct a deficit?
政府要怎样纠正逆差？
Four policies, each with a catch.
有四种政策，每一种都有代价。
Cut total demand, so people buy fewer imports — but growth and jobs suffer.
削减总需求，让人们少买进口品——但增长和就业会受损。
Let the currency depreciate to make exports cheaper — but imports then cost more.
让货币贬值，使出口更便宜——但进口因此更贵。
Use trade protection — but other countries retaliate.
使用贸易保护——但别的国家会报复。
Or improve competitiveness with better skills and technology.
或者用更好的技能与技术提高竞争力。
That last one is the strongest answer, because it fixes the cause — but it is slow.
最后这一条是最强的答案，因为它解决的是原因——但见效慢。
Let's pull it together.
我们把它串起来。
Free trade: countries specialise, so goods are cheaper and choice is wider.
自由贸易：各国专业化，所以物品更便宜、选择更多。
Protection: tariffs, quotas and subsidies shield home firms, but at a cost.
贸易保护：关税、配额和补贴保护本国企业，但要付出代价。
Exchange rates: an appreciation makes exports dearer.
汇率：升值让出口变贵。
And payments: exports against imports gives a surplus or a deficit.
国际收支：把出口和进口比一比，就得到顺差或逆差。
Three marks students throw away.
三个学生白白丢掉的分。
First, currency conversion: pounds into dollars, multiply by the rate; dollars into pounds, divide.
第一，货币换算：英镑换美元，乘以汇率； 美元换英镑，除以汇率。
Second, an appreciation makes exports dearer and imports cheaper — a depreciation does the opposite.
第二，升值让出口变贵、进口变便宜——贬值正好相反。
Third, whenever a question says discuss or evaluate, give both sides: protection saves jobs but raises prices and risks a trade war.
第三，只要题目说"讨论"或"评价"，就要给出两面： 保护能保住工作，但会推高价格，还可能引发贸易战。