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International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Physics · SL Тема 17 3:40 Английское озвучивание · Английский + китайские субтитры (встроенные)

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A detector records counts even when the classroom source is removed. 即使移除了教室中的放射源,探测器仍会记录计数。
Background must be considered before attributing every count to the source. 在将每次计数都归因于该放射源之前,必须考虑本底辐射的影响。
Radioactive decay is spontaneous and random for an individual nucleus. 放射性衰变对单个原子核而言是自发且随机的。
Half-life describes the time for half the undecayed nuclei in a large population to decay, or for background-corrected activity to halve. 半衰期是指大群体中未衰变原子核数量减半,或经本底校正后的活度减半所需的时间。
Half-life is the time for activity or undecayed population to halve. 半衰期即活度或未衰变粒子数减半所需的时间。
Background radiation is radiation measured apart from the investigated source. 本底辐射是指除待研究源之外测得的辐射。
Subtract background counts measured over the same time interval. 减去在同一时间间隔内测量的本底计数。
Distinguish irradiation from contamination. 区分辐照与污染。
Shielding, distance, and reduced exposure time can reduce risk under a school-controlled procedure. 在学校受控程序下,屏蔽、增大距离和减少暴露时间可降低风险。
In the lab: Use teacher-managed sources and the school radiation rules. 在实验室中,使用教师管理的放射源并遵守学校辐射安全规则。
Record count duration and repeat background measurements. 记录计数持续时间并重复测量本底值。
Do not extrapolate a half-life from one nucleus or from uncorrected readings. 切勿仅凭单个原子核或未校正的读数来外推半衰期。
Known: measured count rate falls from 100 to 55 counts per minute. 已知:测量计数率从每分钟100次降至每分钟55次。
Background is 10. 本底为10。
Source rates are 90 and 45, so one half-life has elapsed. 源计数率为90和45,因此已过去一个半衰期。
Without subtraction, 55 over 100 would obscure the exact half in this example. 若不进行减法运算,55除以100会掩盖此例中精确的半衰期关系。
Your turn: An initial source count is 160 per minute. 请开始练习。 初始源计数为每分钟 160。
Find it after three half-lives. 求经过三个半衰期后的数值。
Pause the video and work it out. 请暂停视频,自己算一算。
Check: halve three times: 160, 80, 40, 20 counts per minute. 核对:减半三次:160、80、40、20,每分钟 20 次计数。
An irradiated object is not automatically radioactive. 被辐照的物体并不一定具有放射性。
A half-life does not predict the exact decay time of one nucleus. 半衰期无法预测单个原子核的确切衰变时间。
Not true: Half-life predicts the exact decay time of an individual nucleus. 这种说法不正确。 半衰期无法预测单个原子核的确切衰变时间。
Radioactive decay is random at the level of single nuclei. 放射性衰变在单个原子核层面是随机的。
Half-life is a statistical quantity: it predicts the fraction of a LARGE number of nuclei decaying in a given time, never the moment one nucleus will decay. 半衰期是一个统计量,它预测的是给定时间内大量原子核的衰变比例,而非某个原子核何时衰变。
Radioactive decay is spontaneous and random for an individual nucleus. 放射性衰变对单个原子核而言是自发且随机的。
Subtract background counts measured over the same time interval. 需减去同一时间间隔内测得的本底计数。
Watch for: an irradiated object is not automatically radioactive. 请注意:被辐照的物体并不一定具有放射性。
An initial source count is 200 per minute. 初始源计数为每分钟200。
Find the count after two half-lives. 求经过两个半衰期后的计数。
Half-life does not time one nucleus. 半衰期并非针对单个原子核的时间。
The result is 50 counts per minute. 结果是每分钟50次计数。
After each half-life, half of the remaining nuclei have decayed, so the count rate halves. 每经过一个半衰期,剩余原子核中有一半已衰变,所以计数率减半。
After three half-lives one eighth remains. 三个半衰期后剩下八分之一。
A fictional counter reads 90 counts/min, then 50 after one half-life. 虚构计数器读数为每分钟90次计数,经过一个半衰期后变为50次。
Background is constant. 本底恒定。
Infer background and initial source rate. 推断本底值和初始源强度。
90 minus b equals 2 times the quantity 50 minus b, so b is 10 counts per minute. 90 减 b 等于 2 乘以(50 减 b),所以本底 b 为每分钟 10 个计数。
The source rates are 80, then 40. 放射源的计数率依次为 80 和 40。
Background does not decay with the source and must be subtracted; counting uncertainty remains. 本底不会随放射源衰变,必须减去;计数的不确定度依然存在。
Pause and check yourself. Explain each point on screen in your own words, then change one number in the last example and say which assumption must still hold. 暂停一下,自我检查:用自己的话解释屏幕上的每个要点,再改动最后一个例子中的一个数字,说明哪个假设仍然必须成立。

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