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International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · History · SL Тема 2 7:16 Английское озвучивание · Английский + китайские субтитры (встроенные)
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In May 1928 the Nazi Party won twelve of four hundred and ninety-one seats in the German parliament.
1928 年 5 月，纳粹党在德国议会 491 个席位中只赢得 12 席。
Four and a half years later, its leader was head of the government.
四年半后，它的领袖成了政府首脑。
How could a small, extreme party take power in a modern democracy so quickly?
一个弱小的极端政党怎么能在现代民主国家如此迅速地掌权？
Paper 2 asks questions like this, and a good answer is an argument, not a story.
试卷二问的就是这类问题，好的回答是论证，而不是讲故事。
In Paper 2 you write two essays in an hour and a half, each on a different topic and each marked out of fifteen.
试卷二要在一个半小时内写两篇论文，各属不同专题，每篇 15 分。
That is forty-five minutes per essay: spend about five of them on a plan.
每篇 45 分钟：其中约五分钟用来列提纲。
An essay is an argument.
论文就是论证。
Answer the question in the introduction: that is your thesis.
在引言中直接回答问题：这就是论点。
Write three paragraphs, each with one point, precise evidence and an explanation.
写三段，每段一个要点、精确的证据和解释。
Give the strongest counter-argument and answer it.
提出最有力的反方观点并加以回应。
End with a judgement that weighs the factors, not a summary.
结尾给出权衡各因素的判断，而不是总结。
Precise evidence earns the marks.
精确的证据才得分。
Hitler took more power is vague.
“希特勒掌握了更多权力”很空泛。
The Enabling Act of the twenty-third of March 1933 allowed Hitler to make laws without parliament: that is evidence.
“1933 年 3 月 23 日的《授权法》使希特勒无需议会即可立法”才是证据。
Discuss and evaluate: arguments for and against, weighed to a judgement.
讨论、评价：正反论点，权衡后作出判断。
To what extent: how far the claim is true.
在多大程度上：判断说法有多正确。
Compare and contrast: similarities and differences side by side in every paragraph, with words like whereas and in both cases.
比较与对比：每段都把异同并列，用“而”“同样”“两者都”等词。
Examine: look closely at the claim and its assumptions.
考察：仔细审视说法及其前提。
The most common way to lose marks is narrative: telling what happened instead of answering the question.
最常见的失分方式是叙述：讲发生了什么，而不是回答问题。
Every paragraph should argue a point that answers it.
每一段都应论证一个回答问题的要点。
An authoritarian state is ruled by one leader or party that allows no free elections or opposition.
威权国家由一个领袖或政党统治，不允许自由选举和反对派。
Questions ask about three stages: how it came to power, how it kept power, and what it did with power.
问题涉及三个阶段：它如何上台、如何保住权力，以及用权力做了什么。
In 1919 the Treaty of Versailles took German land and demanded reparations.
1919 年《凡尔赛和约》割走德国领土并要求赔款。
In 1923 came hyperinflation, and Hitler's failed Munich Putsch.
1923 年出现恶性通货膨胀，希特勒的慕尼黑政变失败。
In 1929 the Wall Street Crash stopped American loans and unemployment rose.
1929 年华尔街股灾使美国贷款中断，失业上升。
In January 1933 Hitler became chancellor, and in August 1934, Führer.
1933 年 1 月希特勒任总理，1934 年 8 月成为元首。
The Nazi share of the vote: under three per cent in 1928, eighteen in 1930, thirty-seven in July 1932.
纳粹得票率：1928 年不到 3%，1930 年 18%，1932 年 7 月 37%。
As unemployment rose, so did the Nazi vote.
失业上升，纳粹选票也随之上升。
But notice November 1932: the vote fell, to thirty-three per cent.
但注意 1932 年 11 月：得票率降到了 33%。
Hitler became chancellor by a deal among conservative politicians who thought they could control him, not by an election victory.
希特勒出任总理靠的是保守派政客之间的交易，他们以为能控制他，而不是靠选举胜利。
So a good essay weighs four factors: the economic crisis, Nazi propaganda, the use of violence, and the mistakes of other politicians.
所以好文章要权衡四个因素：经济危机、纳粹宣传、暴力的使用，以及其他政客的失误。
In eighteen months Hitler removed every limit. The Reichstag fire in February 1933 brought a decree suspending civil rights. The Enabling Act followed in March. In July all other parties were banned. In June 1934 rivals in the SA were killed, and in August, when Hindenburg died, Hitler became Führer.
十八个月里，希特勒清除了一切限制。 1933 年 2 月国会纵火案后颁布法令中止公民权利；3 月通过《授权法》；7 月取缔其他所有政党；1934 年 6 月冲锋队中的对手被杀；8 月兴登堡去世，希特勒成为元首。
To keep power the Nazis used both terror, the Gestapo and concentration camps, and the search for consent: Goebbels' propaganda, the Hitler Youth, and jobs through rearmament and road building.
为保住权力，纳粹既用恐怖手段：盖世太保和集中营；也寻求认同：戈培尔的宣传、希特勒青年团、靠重整军备和修路创造就业。
Jewish people were pushed out of public life by the Nuremberg Laws and attacked on Kristallnacht: the road to the Holocaust.
犹太人被《纽伦堡法》逐出公共生活，又在“水晶之夜”遭到袭击：这是通往大屠杀的道路。
In 1952 Fulgencio Batista took power in a coup.
1952 年巴蒂斯塔通过政变上台。
In 1953 Fidel Castro's attack on the Moncada barracks failed.
1953 年卡斯特罗攻打蒙卡达兵营失败。
After a guerrilla war, Castro took power on the first of January 1959.
经过游击战，卡斯特罗于 1959 年 1 月 1 日掌权。
In 1961 the Bay of Pigs invasion failed; in 1962 came the missile crisis; and by 1965 the Communist Party was the only party.
1961 年猪湾入侵失败；1962 年发生导弹危机；到 1965 年共产党成为唯一政党。
Castro's support came from social policies.
卡斯特罗的支持来自社会政策。
The 1961 literacy campaign sent about two hundred and fifty thousand teachers and volunteers into the countryside.
1961 年的扫盲运动派出约二十五万名教师和志愿者下乡。
Official figures show illiteracy falling from about twenty-four per cent to about four.
官方数据显示文盲率从约 24% 降到约 4%。
A worked comparison.
一个比较范例。
Whereas Hitler's regime won support mainly through propaganda and economic recovery, Castro's relied more on real social reforms.
希特勒政权主要靠宣传和经济复苏赢得支持，而卡斯特罗政权更多依靠真正的社会改革。
In both states, however, force set the limits: the Gestapo in Germany and the street committees in Cuba.
但在两国，武力都划定了界限：德国有盖世太保，古巴有街道委员会。
Propaganda built consent, but terror was the final guarantee.
宣传建立认同，恐怖才是最终保障。
Historians separate three kinds of cause.
历史学家把原因分成三类。
Long-term: conditions over many years, such as the alliances, the naval race and Balkan nationalism.
长期原因：多年的状况，如同盟体系、海军竞赛和巴尔干民族主义。
Short-term: the July Crisis, Austria-Hungary's ultimatum to Serbia and Russia's mobilisation.
短期原因：七月危机，奥匈帝国向塞尔维亚发出最后通牒，俄国动员。
The trigger: the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on the twenty-eighth of June 1914.
导火索：1914 年 6 月 28 日斐迪南大公遇刺。
War came quickly.
战争来得很快。
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on the twenty-eighth of July.
7 月 28 日奥匈帝国向塞尔维亚宣战。
Germany declared war on Russia on the first of August and on France on the third.
德国 8 月 1 日向俄国宣战，3 日向法国宣战。
Britain declared war on Germany on the fourth, after German troops entered Belgium.
德军进入比利时后，英国于 8 月 4 日向德国宣战。
Effects are political, economic and social.
影响包括政治、经济和社会三方面。
About ten million soldiers died.
约一千万士兵死亡。
Four empires collapsed: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and the Ottoman Empire.
四个帝国崩溃：德国、奥匈帝国、俄国和奥斯曼帝国。
In Britain, women's war work helped win the vote for most women over thirty.
在英国，妇女的战时工作帮助大多数三十岁以上女性获得选举权。
And the anger at Versailles later helped the Nazis.
对凡尔赛和约的愤怒后来帮助了纳粹。
The Cold War was a long rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their allies.
冷战是美国和苏联及其盟友之间的长期对抗。
They never fought each other directly, but competed through alliances, an arms race and proxy wars in other countries.
双方从未直接交战，而是通过结盟、军备竞赛和在其他国家的代理人战争进行竞争。
The Truman Doctrine of 1947 promised to contain communism.
1947 年杜鲁门主义承诺遏制共产主义。
Korea, from 1950, was a hot war fought by proxy.
1950 年起的朝鲜战争是一场代理人热战。
In October 1962 the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the world close to nuclear war for thirteen days.
1962 年 10 月古巴导弹危机使世界在十三天里濒临核战争。
Détente brought SALT I in 1972.
缓和带来了 1972 年的第一阶段限制战略武器条约。
Gorbachev came to power in 1985; the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union ended in 1991.
1985 年戈尔巴乔夫上台；1989 年柏林墙倒塌，1991 年苏联解体。
Historians disagree about who was responsible.
历史学家对责任归属意见不一。
The orthodox view blames Soviet expansion. The revisionist view blames American economic interests. The post-revisionist view sees fear and misunderstanding on both sides.
正统学派归咎于苏联扩张；修正学派归咎于美国的经济利益；后修正学派认为双方都有恐惧和误解。
Using these views shows the examiner you know history is argued.
运用这些观点，能向考官表明你懂得历史是有争论的。
To finish: a thesis, three argued paragraphs, a counter-argument and a judgement; the command terms; authoritarian states through emergence, consolidation and policies, with Germany and Cuba; the causes and effects of the First World War; and the Cold War with its three schools of historians.
总结：论点、三个论证段落、反方观点和判断；指令词；以德国和古巴为例的威权国家的兴起、巩固和政策；一战的原因和影响；以及冷战和三个史学流派。