Экологическая и эколого-экономическая политика
International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Environmental Systems and Societies · HL Тема 10 1:14 Английское озвучивание · Английский + китайские субтитры (встроенные)
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These are selected topics, not the whole syllabus, and every example is fictional.
这些是精选主题，不是完整大纲，所有例子都是虚构的。
A market price can leave out costs that fall on other people.
市场价格可能遗漏落在他人身上的成本。
Making one item costs the producer 8 units, and the scenario estimates 3 units of external cost, falling on people who never bought it.
生产一件产品，生产者成本 8 单位；情景估计外部成本 3 单位，由从未购买的人承担。
For 200 items, the private cost is 1,600 and the external cost 600: a social cost of 2,200.
200 件时，私人成本 1,600，外部成本 600：社会成本 2,200。
If the damage estimate ranges from 1 to 5 per item, the social cost ranges from 1,800 to 2,600.
如果每件损害估计在 1 到 5 之间，社会成本在 1,800 到 2,600 之间。
Private cost is 5 per item and external cost 4.
私人成本每件 5，外部成本 4。
Collect the 4 as a tax on the producer.
把这 4 作为税向生产者征收。
Now the market price carries 5 plus 4, which is 9: the full social cost moves into the price, and buyers face it.
现在市场价格包含 5 + 4 = 9：完整的社会成本进入价格，由买方面对。
But a money value is an assumption-dependent estimate, and a policy can still burden a vulnerable group.
但货币价值是依赖假设的估计，政策仍可能加重弱势群体的负担。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
6 plus 2 is 8 per item; 50 items cost 400.
每件 6 + 2 = 8，50 件 400。
9 per item for 100 items is 900.
每件 9，100 件 900。