Проектирование: теория
International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Design Technology · SL Тема 1 2:00 Английское озвучивание · Английский + китайские субтитры (встроенные)
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These are selected topics, not the whole syllabus, and every example is fictional.
这些是精选主题，不是完整大纲，所有例子都是虚构的。
Design evidence starts with the people who will use the product and turns their needs into measurable criteria.
设计证据从真正的使用者开始，把他们的需求变成可测量的标准。
Ergonomics designs for a range of users, chosen by percentile, never for the average alone.
人体工学为一个范围的用户设计，用百分位数来选择，而不是只看平均值。
Start from a user need: the handle must feel comfortable and strong.
从用户需求开始：把手必须舒适、结实。
That is a wish, not a test.
这只是愿望，不是测试。
A specification turns it into measurable criteria, such as a grip width and a test load.
设计规格把它变成可测量的标准，比如握持宽度和测试载荷。
Test the model against the criteria, then revise from the evidence.
用模型对照标准测试，再根据证据修改。
In use, a handle must withstand a force of 40 newtons.
使用时把手必须承受 40 牛的力。
The designer chooses a safety factor of 2.5, so the target test load is 40 times 2.5, which is 100 newtons.
设计者选择安全系数 2.5，所以目标测试载荷是 40 × 2.5 = 100 牛。
The factor is a design assumption to justify, not a substitute for a safety review.
安全系数是需要论证的设计假设，不能代替安全审查。
Ten fictional users have reaches from 40 to 56 centimetres.
十位虚构用户的够及距离在 40 到 56 厘米之间。
Sorted, the 10th percentile is rank 1, 40 centimetres, and the 90th percentile is rank 9, 53 centimetres.
排序后，第 10 百分位是第 1 名，40 厘米；第 90 百分位是第 9 名，53 厘米。
A control placed 53 centimetres away is beyond the reach of eight users.
放在 53 厘米处的控件，有八位用户够不到。
Reach is set near the small end, so short users are served.
够及尺寸要取小端，矮个子用户才能用。
Which end of the range matters depends on the dimension.
取范围的哪一端，取决于尺寸的用途。
A reach must suit small users: a door handle is placed for the 5th percentile reach.
够及距离要照顾小个子：门把手的位置按第 5 百分位的够及距离。
A clearance must suit large users: its grip is sized for the 95th percentile hand.
间隙要照顾大个子：把手的握持空间按第 95 百分位的手来定。
One product serves a range, not the average user.
一个产品服务一个范围，而不是平均用户。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
A 30 newton use force with a factor of 3 needs a 90 newton test.
使用力 30 牛、安全系数 3，测试载荷 90 牛。
Strong is a wish; a specification states a measurable load.
“结实”只是愿望；设计规格要写出可测量的载荷。
For the 90th percentile of 20 sorted values, the rank is 18.
20 个排序值的第 90 百分位，名次是 18。
A reach is set near the small end of the range.
够及距离取范围的小端。